Table 2.

Summary of clinical trials using scaffolds without cells for bone regeneration from 2018 to 2023.

Cells	Scaffolds	Condition	Number of Patients (Age)	Follow Up	Control	Evaluation Methods and Outcomes	References	Registration ID and Country
No cells	Anorganic bovine bone (BioOss Xenograft)	Bilateral Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation	8 (>18 years)	6 months	Active Comparator (contralateral: biphasic phycogenic biomaterial and autogenous cortical bone)	CBCT scans before the sinus floor elevation and 6 months later before implant placement to calculate vertical bone height change from the crestal bone to the floor of the maxillary sinus. Histomorphometric quantification of new mineralized tissue, non-mineralized tissue and remaing graft particles in a bone biopsy collected 6 months after the grafting procedure. NO outcomes.	No publication, no results posted. Actual study completion date 2018	NCT03682315 Responsable: Pablo Galindo-Moreno, Universidad de Granada, Spain Phase not applicable
No cells	Anorganic bovine bone (BioOss Xenograft) + autogenous cortical bone	Bilateral Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation	10 (>18 years)	6–12–18 months	Active Comparator (contralateral: Porcine bone mineral (Symbios Xenograft) + autogenous cortical bone)	CBCT scans after the sinus floor elevation and 6–12–18 months later before implant placement to calculate vertical bone height change. Histomorphometric quantification of new mineralized tissue, non-mineralized tissue and remaing graft particles in a bone biopsy collected 6–12–18 months after the grafting procedure. NO outcomes.	No publication, no results posted. Actual study completion date 2022	NCT03797963 Responsable: Pablo Galindo-Moreno, Universidad de Granada, Spain Phas not applicable
No cells but BL® was mixed with autologous blood previously extracted from the alveolar defect and applied with a spatula.	DEXGEL Bone: Bonelike by Biosckin® (BL®), a glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite synthetic bone substitute, in association to dextrin-based hydrogel, DEXGEL	Alveolar ridge preservation	12 (above 18 years)	6 months	BL® granules (250–500 μm) were administered to 6 randomized participants whereas the other 6 received DEXGEL Bone.	Both treatments showed good osseointegration. DEXGEL Bone exhibited increased granule resorption accompanied by a tendency for more new bone ingrowth compared to the BL® group. DEXGEL was rapidly resorbed and accelerated BL® resorption as well, freeing up space that favored new bone ingrowth, without compromising mechanical support. The healing of defects was free of any local or systemic complications.	Machado et al., 2023 [42]	EUDAMED: CIV-PT-18–01–02,705. RNEC: 30122. Portugal Phase not reported