Table 3.
Comparison of student′s attitudes and perceptions about the use of artificial intelligence in dentistry according to type of higher education institution, gender and level of education (n = 200).
| Items | Private n (%) |
Public n (%) |
p | 1st Year n (%) |
2nd Year n (%) |
3rd Year n (%) |
4th Year n (%) |
5th Year n (%) |
p | Male | Female | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AI will lead to great advances in dentistry and medicine. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 7 (70.00) | 3 (30.00) | 0.042 | 2 (20.00) | 2 (20.00) | 1 (10.00) | 4 (40.00) | 1 (10.00) | 0.310 * | 7 (70.00) | 3 (30.00) | 0.468 ** |
| I don′t know. | 10 (55.56) | 8 (44–44) | 1 (5.56) | 4 (22.22) | 1 (5.56) | 5 (27.78) | 7 (38.89) | 9 (50.00) | 9 (50.00) | |||
| Disagree | 138 (80.23) | 34 (19.77) | 11 (6.40) | 25 (14.53) | 30 (17.44) | 40 (23.26) | 66 (38.37) | 86 (50.00) | 86 (50.00) | |||
| AI may replace dentist and doctors in the future. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 66 (73.33) | 24 (26.67) | 0.282 ** | 6 (6.67) | 12 (13.33) | 15 (16.67) | 26 (28.89) | 31 (34.44) | 0.089 ** | 34 (37.78) | 56 (62.22) | 0.002 ** |
| I don′t know. | 36 (57.14) | 6 (14.29) | 2 (4.76) | 3 (7.14) | 4 (9.52) | 14 (33.33) | 19 (45.24) | 24 (57.14) | 18 (42.86) | |||
| Disagree | 53 (77.94) | 15 (22.06) | 6 (8.82) | 16 (23.53) | 13 (19.12) | 9 (13.24) | 24 (35.29) | 44 (64.71) | 24 (35.29) | |||
| AI can be used as a definitive diagnostic tool in disease diagnosis. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 23 (85.19) | 4 (14.81) | 0.319 ** | 2 (7.41) | 4 (14.81) | 4 (14.81) | 7 (25.93) | 10 (37.04) | 0.997 * | 14 (51.85) | 13 (48.15) | 0.989 ** |
| I don′t know. | 25 (69.44) | 11 (30.56) | 3 (8.33) | 7 (19.44) | 5 (13.89) | 9 (25.00) | 12 (33.33) | 18 (50.00) | 18 (50.00) | |||
| Disagree | 107 (78.10) | 30 (21.90) | 9 (6.57) | 20 (14.60) | 23 (16.79) | 33 (24.09) | 52 (37.96) | 70 (51.09) | 67 (48.91) | |||
| AI can be used as a prognostic tool to predict the course of a disease and determine if there is a chance of recovery. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 12 (85.71) | 2 (14.29) | 0.225 ** | 1 (7.14) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (14.29) | 7 (50.00) | 4 (28.57) | 0.176 * | 7 (50.00) | 7 (50.00) | 0.481 ** |
| I don′t know. | 22 (66.67) | 11 (33.33) | 4 (12.12) | 8 (24.24) | 6 (18.18) | 6 (18.18) | 9 (27.27) | 20 (60.61) | 13 (39.39) | |||
| Disagree | 121 (79.08) | 32 (20.92) | 9 (5.88) | 23( 15.03) | 24 (15.69) | 36 (23.53) | 61 (39.87) | 75 (49.02) | 78 (50.98) | |||
| AI can be used in the three-dimensional positioning and planning of implants. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 13 (86.87) | 2 (13.33) | 0.053 ** | 1 (6.67) | 1 (6.67) | 2 (13.33) | 6 (40.00) | 5 (33.33) | 0.271 * | 6 (40.00) | 9 (60.00) | 0.206 ** |
| I don′t know. | 19 (61.19) | 12 (38.71) | 4 (12.90) | 4 (12.90) | 9 (29.03) | 6 (19.35) | 8 (25.81) | 20 (64.52) | 16 (35.48) | |||
| Disagree | 123 (79.87) | 31 (20.13) | 9 (5.84) | 26 (16.88) | 21 (13.64) | 37 (24.03) | 61 (39.61) | 76 (49.35) | 78 (50.65) | |||
| AI can be used as a treatment planning tool in the diagnosis and planning of dental treatment | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 12 (80.00) | 3 (20.00) | 0.086 ** | 2 (13.33) | 1 (6.67) | 1 (6.67) | 8 (53.33) | 3 (20.00) | 0.131 * | 7 (46.67) | 8 (53.33) | 0.928 ** |
| I don′t know. | 20 (62.50) | 12 (37.50) | 4 (12.50) | 5 (15.63) | 7 (21.88) | 6 (18.75) | 10 (31.25) | 16 (50.00) | 16 (50.00) | |||
| Disagree | 123 (80.39) | 30 (19.61) | 8 (5.23) | 25 (16.34) | 24 (15.69) | 35 (22.88) | 61 (39.87) | 79 (51.63) | 74 (48.37) | |||
| AI can be used as a quality control tool to assess the success of treatments. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 12 (92.31) | 1 (7.69) | 0.040 ** | 2 (15.38) | 1 (7.69) | 3 (23.08) | 5 (38.46) | 2 (15.38) | 0.243 * | 5 (38.46) | 8 (61.54) | 0.631 ** |
| I don′t know. | 17 (60.71) | 11 (39.29) | 4 (14.29) | 5 (17.86) | 4 (14.29) | 7 (25.00) | 8 (28.57) | 14 (50.00) | 14 (50.00) | |||
| Disagree | 126 (79.25) | 33 (20.75) | 8 (5.03) | 25 (15.72) | 25 (15.72) | 37 (13.27) | 64 (40.25) | 83 (52.20) | 76 (47.80) | |||
| AI applications should be part of undergraduate dental education. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 36 (76.70) | 11 (23.40) | 0.084 ** | 6 (12.77) | 8 (17.02) | 10 (21.28) | 10 (21.28) | 13 (27.66) | 0.268 ** | 32 (68.09) | 15 (31.91) | 0.026 ** |
| I don′t know. | 11 (57.89) | 8 (42.11) | 3 (15.79) | 2 (10.53) | 3 (15.79) | 5 (26.32) | 6 (31.58) | 8 (42.11) | 11 (57.89) | |||
| Disagree | 108 (80.60) | 26 (19.40) | 5 (3.73) | 21 (15.67) | 19 (14.18) | 34 (25.37) | 55 (41.04) | 62 (46.27) | 72 (53.73) | |||
| AI applications should be part of postgraduate dental education. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 24 (75.00) | 8 (25.00) | 0.334 ** | 5 (15.63) | 5 (15.63) | 9 (28.13) | 6 (18.75) | 7 (21.88) | 0.095 ** | 19 (59.38) | 13 (40.63) | 0.545 ** |
| I don′t know. | 16 (66.67) | 8 (33.33) | 1 (4.17) | 5 (20.83) | 4 (16.67) | 8 (33.33) | 6 (25.00) | 11 (45.83) | 13 (54.17) | |||
| Disagree | 115 (79.86) | 29 (20.14) | 8 (5.56) | 21 (14.58) | 19 (13.19) | 35 (24.31) | 61 (42.36) | 72 (50.00) | 72 (50.00) | |||
| The use of AI in dentistry and medicine is exciting. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 7 (70.00) | 3 (30.00) | 0.617 * | 2 (20.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (10.00) | 1 (10.00) | 6 (60.00) | 0.134 * | 5 (50.00) | 5 (50.00) | 0.621 * |
| I don′t know. | 8 (88.89) | 1 (11.11) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (33.33) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (44.44) | 2 (22.22) | 3 (33.33) | 6 (66.67) | |||
| Disagree | 140 (77.35) | 41 (22.65) | 12 (6.63) | 28 (15.47) | 31 (17.13) | 44 (24.31) | 66 (36.46) | 84 (51.93) | 87 (48.07) | |||
| AI can be used for radiographic diagnosis of dental caries. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 7 (58.33) | 5 (41.67) | 0.090 * | 1 (8.33) | 2 (16.67) | 1 (8.33) | 2 (16.67) | 6 (50.00) | 0.227 * | 6 (50.00) | 6 (50.00) | 0.939 ** |
| I don′t know. | 11 (64.71) | 6 (35.29) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (23.53) | 4 (23.53) | 9 (52.94) | 8 (47.06) | 9 (52.94) | |||
| Disagree | 137 (80.12) | 34 (19.88) | 13 (7.60) | 29 (16.96) | 27 (15.79) | 43 (25.15) | 59 (34.00) | 88 (51.46) | 83 (48.54) | |||
| AI can be used for the diagnosis of soft tissue injuries in the oral cavity. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 9 (69.23) | 4 (30.77) | 0.721 ** | 1 (7.69) | 3 (23.08) | 1 (7.69) | 2 (15.38) | 6 (50.00) | 0.768 * | 4 (30.77) | 9 (69.23) | 0.185 ** |
| I don′t know. | 32 (76.19) | 10 (23.81) | 3 (7.14) | 6 (14.29) | 7 (16.67) | 9 (21.43) | 17 (40.48) | 25 (59.52) | 17 (40.48) | |||
| Disagree | 114 (78.62) | 31 (21.38) | 10 (6.90) | 22 (15.17) | 24 (16.55) | 38 (26.21) | 51 (35.17) | 73 (50.34) | 72 (49.66) | |||
| AI can be used for radiographic diagnosis of jaw pathologies. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 11 (68.75) | 5 (31.25) | 0.512 ** | 2 (12.50) | 4 (25.00) | 2 (12.50) | 3 (18.75) | 5 (31.25) | 0.964 * | 6 (37.50) | 10 (62.50) | 0.507 ** |
| I don′t know. | 28 (73.68) | 10 (26.32) | 1 (2.63) | 4 (10.53) | 7 (18.42) | 12 (31.58) | 14 (36.84) | 19 (50.00) | 19 (50.00) | |||
| Disagree | 116 (79.45) | 30 (20.55) | 11 (7.53) | 23 (15.75) | 23 (15.75) | 34 (23.29) | 55 (37.67) | 77 (52.74) | 69 (47.26) | |||
| AI can be used for the radiographic diagnosis of periodontal diseases. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 13 (68.42) | 6 (31.58) | 0.604 ** | 2 (10.53) | 4 (21.05) | 4 (21.05) | 2 (10.53) | 7 (36.84) | 0.822 * | 11 (57.89) | 8 (42.11) | 0.865 ** |
| I don′t know. | 35 (77.78) | 10 (22.22) | 2 (4.44) | 7 (15.56) | 8 (17.78) | 10 (22.22) | 18 (40.00) | 21 (46.67) | 24 (53.33) | |||
| Disagree | 107 (78.68) | 29 (21.32) | 10 (7.35) | 20 (14.71) | 20 (14.71) | 37 (27.21) | 49 (36.03) | 70 (51.47) | 68 (48.53) | |||
| AI can be used in forensic odontology. | ||||||||||||
| Agree | 31 (77.50) | 9 (22.50) | 0.864 ** | 4 (10.00) | 10 (25.00) | 11 (27.50) | 5 (12.50) | 10 (25.00) | 0.108 ** | 26 (65.00) | 14 (35.00) | 0.036 ** |
| I don′t know. | 29 (74.36) | 10 (25.64) | 2 (5.13) | 6 (15.38) | 6 (15.38) | 10 (25.64) | 15 (38.46) | 23 (58.97) | 16 (41.03) | |||
| Disagree | 95 (78.51) | 26 (21.49) | 8 (6.61) | 15 (12.40) | 15 (12.40) | 34 (28.10) | 49 (40.50) | 53 (43.80) | 68 (56.20) |
*: Fisher′s exact test, **: Chi-square test, p < 0.05.