Table 2.

Bioactive substance ingredients from fruit and vegetable wastes.

Bioactive Substance	By-Products	Function	Reference
Sulforaphane	Broccoli seeds	Against carcinogens and inflammation	[33]
Caffeic acid	Coffee shells	Antioxidant; Anti-bacterial	[34]
Polyphenols	Apple peels	Anti-microbial activity	[35]
	Artichoke		[36]
			[37]
	Cauliflower		[38]
	Date		[39]
	Persimmon by-products		[40]
	Banana peels		[41]
	Mango kernel		[42]
	Orange (peels, pulp)		[43]
	Onion and carrot peel	Antioxidant	[44]
Eugenol	Allspice	Bacteriostatic	[45]
	Alfalfa		[46]
Carotenoids	Tomato (seeds, skins)	Pigment, Radical scavenger	[47]
	Grape pomace		[48]
	Olive
	Pomegranate pomace
	Persimmon peels		[49]
	Carrot pomace		[50]
	Guava, orange, and passion fruit by-products		[51]
	Lemon peels		[52]
Flavonoids	Satsuma peels Orange/Lemon (peels, pulp) Banana (peels, roots) Grape (seeds, skin)	Antibacterial, Antioxidant;	[53]
			[54]
		Anti-parasitic, Antioxidant,	[55]
		Food color additives (such as Anthocyanidins)	[56]
			[57]
Pectins	Citrus peels	Thickening agent and emulsification, Food additives	[58]
	Pistachio green hull		[59]
	Pumpkin peels and pulp		[60]
	Tomato wastes		[61]
	Sugar beet (pomace)		[62]
Dietary Fiber	Grapefruit peels, sweet oranges peels, lemon peels	Binders, Texturizers	[63]
	Watermelon rinds, tamarind seed	Low-calorie bulking ingredient	[64]
	Pumpkin by-products		[65]
	Carrot pomace		[66]
	Potato peel		[67]
Unsaturated fatty acids	Tomato seeds	Antioxidant	[68]
	Pistachio pomace		[69]
Saponins	Sapota seeds	Antibacterial	[70]
Amino acids and proteins	Kinnow mandarin waste, pineapple peels, papaya peels,	Protein supplementation	[71]
Glycosides	Banana stem, apple peels	Anti-cancer, Antioxidant	[72]