Table 2.
Studies addressing the prognostic role of left ventricular global longitudinal strain, derived by speckle tracking echocardiography in aortic stenosis.
| 1st Author | Year | n | AS Population | Cut-Off LV GLS (-%) | Association with Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lancellottiet et al. [40] | 2010 | 163 | Moderate and severe AS | 15.9 | Significant predictive power for MACE |
| Zito et al. [41] | 2011 | 52 | Asymptomatic severe AS | 18 | Significant predictive power for MACE |
| Dahl et al. [42] | 2012 | 125 | Symptomatic severe AS with LVEF > 40% | 10.3 | Increased overall mortality, cardiac mortality, and MACEs |
| Kearney et al. [43] | 2012 | 146 | Mild, moderate, and severe AS | 15 | One-year MACE-free survival was only 25% |
| Yingchoncharoen et al. [26] | 2012 | 79 | Asymptomatic severe AS with LVEF > 50% | 15 | 16% survival rate at 40 months follow up |
| Kempny et al. [36] | 2013 | 101 | Severe AS undergoing TAVR | 13.3 | Predictor of lack of longitudinal strain recovery post TAVR |
| Logstrup et al. [37] | 2013 | 100 | Severe AS undergoing TAVR | 11.95 | Pre-TAVR cut-off did not impact on prognosis. LV GLS improvement post TAVR predicted outcomes. |
| Kamperidis et al. [31] | 2014 | 134 | Symptomatic paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient AS with AVAi ≤ 0.6 cm2/m2 | 15 | Mortality rate of 22.4% 3 years after AVR |
| Kusunose et al. [27] | 2014 | 395 | Moderate and severe AS with LVEF > 50% | 12.1 | 43% death during 4.4 ± 1.4 years of follow up |
| Sato et al. [32] | 2014 | 98 | Paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient AS with AVAi ≤ 0.6 cm2/m2 | 17 | MACE-free survival rate at 2-year follow-up was 57.5% |
| Nagata et al. [44] | 2015 | 104 | Asymptomatic severe AS with LVEF > 50% | 17 | Significant predictive power for MACE |
| Dahou et al. [34] | 2015 | 126 | Low-flow, low-gradient AS with LVEF ≤ 40% and AVAi ≤ 0.6 cm2/m2 | 9 | 49% 3-year survival |
| Suzuki Eguchi et al. [45] | 2018 | 128 | Severe AS undergoing TAVR | 10.6 | Freedom from events for patients with GLS ≤ −10.6% occurred more often compared to GLS > −10.6 |
| Vollema et al. [25] | 2018 | 220 | Asymptomatic severe AS | 18.2 | Higher risk for symptoms development or requiring aortic valve intervention |
| D’Andrea A et al. [39] | 2019 | 75 | Classical low-flow, low-gradient severe AS undergoing TAVR | 12 | Identified patients with lack of reverse remodeling after TAVR |
| Povlsen et al. [46] | 2020 | 411 | Severe AS undergoing TAVR | 14 | Independent predictor of all-cause mortality |
| Fukui et al. [47] | 2020 | 510 | Symtomatic severe AS | 16 | Patients with normal LVEFs but reduced GLS had worst survival that those with normal LVEFs and reduced GLS |
| Lee et al. [48] | 2022 | 412 | Severe AS undergoing TAVR | 16 | Independent predictor of all-cause death and the composite outcome |
Abbreviations: AS—aortic stenosis; AVAi—aortic valve area index; AVR—aortic valve replacement; HR—hazard ratio; LVEF—left ventricular ejection fraction; LV GLS—left ventricular global longitudinal strain; MACE—major adverse cardiovascular event; TAVR—transcatheter aortic valve replacement.