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. 2023 May 13;14(5):1078. doi: 10.3390/genes14051078

Figure 1.

Figure 1

ABA signaling and ABA-mediated transcription. Left column, SnRK2 kinases are inactivated by clade A PP2Cs in the absence of ABA. Right column, The ABA-bound PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors inhibit the PP2C activity. B2/B3 Raf kinases phosphorylate SnRK2s [25]. ABRE/ABF transcription factors are phosphorylated by derepressed SnRK2 and trigger ABA-responsive element (ABRE)-mediated transcription. ABRE-mediated transcription includes the multi-copy ABRE in the promoter or one-copy ABRE with the coupling elements (CE). Several distinct CEs are reported with corresponding transcription factors, indicated by X. Figure created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/, accessed on 6 March 2023).