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Reversing cardiac fibrosis can be a precision therapeutic strategy by blocking the activation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) [38,39,40] system, advanced glycation end-products (AGE)-mediated [72], endothelin-1 (ET-1) [35], or the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) [71] pathway induced by hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) cardiomyopathy.
