Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

	Inclusion	Exclusion
Research direction	(1) Footwear used as the intervention. (2) Study related to the design and fit of ergonomic footwear. (3) Effect of footwear on children’s foot development. (4) Effect of footwear-wearing on children’s gait and biomechanics was investigated. (5) Research collected from peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. (6) Studies with an available abstract in English.	(1) Footwear was not the primary study question. (2) Customization of study designs was based on commercial demand, unrelated to fit or function. (3) Studies without an available abstract in English.
Subjects and age	Healthy infant, children, and adolescents; 0–12 years old.	Unhealthy infant, children, and adolescents; greater than 12 years old.
Footwear	Regular children’s shoes (e.g., sports shoes, ‘Barefoot’ shoes).	Unconventional children’s shoes (e.g., ski-boots, skates, therapeutic footwear).
Retrieval time	Studies in the recent 30 years (e.g., 1 January 1993–1 January 2023).	Studies beyond the 30-year timeline.