Table 3.

Joint kinematics.

References	Times	Participants	Gender	Nationality of Research Subjects	Age	Shoe Comparison	Result
Hollander, K. et al. [3]	2014	36	22 girls and 14 boys	Australia	6–9	Barefoot shoe, neutral-cushioned running shoe, and minimal shoe	Barefoot run reduced the ankle angle at foot strike. Step length, step width, and rate of rear-foot strike increased.
Matthias, E. et al. [43]	2021	14		Australia	8–12	Bigger, fitted, smaller shoes	Small footwear restricted hindfoot, first MTPJ and midfoot range of motion.
Williams, C. et al. [44]	2021	14		Australia	toddlers	Barefoot and soft-soled shoe (Bobux XPLORER)	Footwear decreased the range of motion of hip adduction/abduction, knee flexion/extension, but increased subtalar eversion.
Wegener, C. et al. [45]	2011	12		Australia	5–13	Barefoot and wearing school shoes	Traditional school shoes restricted children’s foot motion at the midfoot during contact and propulsion phases.
Hollander, K. et al. [9]	2017	678	341 girls and 337 boys	Germany	9–16	Barefoot and shod	Larger hallux valgus angle in all age groups.
Hollander, K. et al. [46]	2018	678	341 girls and 337 boys	Germany	9–16	Barefoot and shod	Higher probability of using rearfoot strikes in habitually barefoot children.
Plesek, J. et al. [47]	2021	48		Czech Republic	3–6	Barefoot/minimalist shoes and standard running shoes	More ankle plantar flexion in the barefoot and minimal shoes.