Table 4.

Joint kinetics.

References	Times	Participants	Gender	Nationality of Research Subjects	Age	Shoe Comparison	Result
Enrique Alcantara et al. [48]	1996	8	4 girls and 4 boys	Germany	9–11	Unshod vs. shod, casual vs. sport footwear	The rate of load at impact was greater during barefoot running. Shod running reduced maximum tibial acceleration, rate of tibial acceleration, and shock wave transmission. Boys exhibited greater forces in shoes than barefoot, whereas girls had higher values during unshod than in shoes.
Hollander, K. et al. [3]	2014	810	406 girls and 404 boys	Australia	8–16	Barefoot and wearing shoes	Footwear increased maximal and impact ground reaction forces.
Heidner, G.S. et al. [49]	2020	75	G1 = 29 girls; G2 = 16 girls; G3 = 13 boys; G4 = 17 boys	United States	G1 = 4–9; G2 = 3–5; G3 = 6–9; G4 = 4–8	G1 with open toes flat sole, sneakers, and closed toes flat sole; G2 with closed toes flat sole, open toes flat sole, and open toes flat sole; G3 with closed toes flat sole, open toes flat sole, and sneakers; G4 with open toes flat sole, closed toes flat sole, and sneakers. BF for all participants.	No statistical differences in velocity or in vertical and anteroposterior ground reaction force.
Gimunová, M. et al. [12]	2022	30	BF = 8 girls and 7 boys; NBF = 7 girls and 8 boys	Czech Republic	toddlers	BF and NBF	No significant difference.
Moreno-Hernandez, A. et al. [54]	2010	120	59 girls and 61 boys	Mexico	6–13	Barefoot and footwear	The velocity, step and stride length and stance, cadence and swing percentage increased with footwear.
Lythgo, N. et al. [55]	2009	898		Australia	5–13	Barefoot and shod conditions	Gait speed, step length, stride length, support base, step time, stride time, double support stance time increased, but cadence reduced.
Wolf, S. et al. [8]	2008	18	8 girls and 10 boys	Germany	7–9	Barefoot, conventional shoes, and flexible shoes	Stride length and stride time increased, decreased cadence, walking velocity was unchanged with shoes.
Wegener, C. et al. [45]	2011	12	7 girls and 5 boys	Australia	5–13	Barefoot and wearing school shoes	Shoes decreased midfoot range of motion in the frontal and transverse plane during landing. Shoes reduced rearfoot ROM in the frontal plane, midfoot ROM in the sagittal transverse plane during propulsion.
Buckland, M.A. et al. [56]	2014	26	9 girls and 17 boys	United States	toddlers	UltraFlex, MedFlex, LowFlex, and Stiff	Stance time and step width are different.