Table 1.

A summary of different types of silk fibroin hydrogels used in cartilage tissue.

Material(s)	Experimental Mode	Synthesis Method	Main Function	Ref.
SF-BDDE hydrogel spheres	In vitro and vivo	Chemical cross-linking agents; oil/water (o/w) emulsification	As lubricants and drug carriers in OA.	[47]
SF-HA hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Chemical cross-linking agents; Ultrasonication	Load and controlled release of methylprednisolone in cartilage injury	[48]
SF-PL hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Enzyme cross-linking	Promote Bone marrow stimulation by embedding Ept; Promote BMSCs chondrogenesis.	[39,49]
GG/SF/CS hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	ionic crosslinking; Chemical cross-linking agents	Promote the growth of encapsulated cells; Promote articular cartilage repair	[75]
AD/CS/RSF/EXO hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Enzyme cross-linking	Promote BMSCs activity; Promoting rat patellar cartilage repair	[51]
TGF-β1@SF/PCS/GP hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Chemical cross-linking agents	Promote the activity of L929 cells and BMSCs; regulate cartilage-specific gene expressions; anti-inflammatory; promote cartilage regeneration	[42]
SF-GT hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Enzyme cross-linking; 3D printing	Promote chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells; Promote rabbit articular cartilage regeneration	[89]
SF/PRP/PEG hydrogel	In vitro	Chemical cross-linking agents; 3D printing	Controlled slow-release GFs; It is beneficial to chondrocyte and ECM formation.	[90]
US-SF hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Ultrasonication	Ultrasonic crosslinking enhanced physical and chemical properties of gel; Suitable for cartilage regeneration	[10]
SF(S)-COL hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Ultrasonication	Promote cartilage-specific gene expressions; Promote articular cartilage regeneration	[65]
TGF-β1@CTS/BMP-2/SF hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Ultrasonication	Promote BMSCs to form cartilage	[59]
SF-DEWJ hydrogel	In vitro	Ultrasonication	Promote the activity of hEnSCs and chondrocytes	[68,69]
SF-PVA hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Freeze-thaw cycle	Suitable for external ear reconstruction	[71]
SF-silk hydrogel	In vitro	Ultrasonication	Promote chondrocytes activity	[44]
PNFs/CMCS-SF hydrogel	In vitro	Wet-electrospun; Chemical cross-linking agents	Promote BMSCs activity	[81]
CuTA@SF hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Enzyme cross-linking	Promote cartilage regeneration in femur OCD rabbits	[99]
SF-LAP nanocomposite hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Enzyme cross-linking	Promote BMSCs activity; Promote synchronous regeneration of cartilage and subchondral bone	[37]
SF-MMT nanocomposite hydrogel	In vitro and vivo	Enzyme cross-linking	Promote BMSCs activity; Promote synchronous regeneration of cartilage and subchondral bone	[38]