Table 2.
Narrative data synthesis outcomes and heat-map for the eligible studies that are not included in a meta-analysis, or some of their outcomes could not be included in a meta-analysis; green color represents a positive effect or association; orange color represents no association: RA = rheumatoid arthritis; PsA = psoriatic arthritis; AS = ankylosing spondylitis; HAQ = health assessment questionnaire; DAS28 = disease activity score 28; BMI = body mass index; ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP = C reactive protein; HDL = high density lipoprotein.
| Study | Type of Patients | Type of Diet/Nutrition and Exercise/Physical Activity | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Controlled Trials | |||
| Engelhart, 1996 [21] | RA | 12-week resistance exercise and walking. Reduction of 30% of energy intake, 62 gof high-quality protein intake per day, vitamins, and mineral supplements | Reduction of body fat mass and fat free mass |
| Mikkelsen, 2015 [30] | RA | A protein drink consisting of 0.5 g intact whey protein isolate (Lacprodan-9224, Arla Foods Ingredients, Viby, Denmark)/kg lean body mass (12.5% enriched with ring-13C6-phenylalanine) dissolved in 190 mL water. Acute exercise of unilateral leg extension, 8 × 10 repetitions at 70% of 1 repetition maximum | Muscle protein synthesis and transcriptional regulation can be stimulated with both protein intake and physical exercise in patients with RA to a similar degree as in healthy individuals |
| Bilberg, 2022 [29] | PsA | Recommendation for physical activity, ≥150 min/week and weight loss treatment | Patients improved quality of life (SF-36 score), total fat mass (kg), and reduced total lean mass from baseline to 6-month (p < 0.01) and 12-month (p < 0.01). |
| Epidemiological studies | |||
| Elkan, 2011 [32] | RA | Questionnaires assessed dietary habits and physical activity levels | RA patients who consumed saturated fatty acids and had low level of total physical activity displayed significantly lower levels of HDL, apolipoprotein A1, the atheroprotective anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies, and significantly higher levels of insulin |
| Barone, 2018 [31] | RA | Measurements of physical activity and daily calorie and protein intake | No association of physical activity and daily calorie and protein intake with sarcopenia in patients |
| Matsunaga, 2021 [33] | RA | Questionnaires assessed dietary habits and physical activity levels | No association of healthy eating index total scores with self-reported RA, adjusted for physical activity |
| Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, 2010 [34] | RA | Questionnaires assessed dietary habits and physical activity levels | Physical activity and energy intake were not associated with HAQ, DAS28, body fat, BMI, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, ESR, and CRP |
| Barone, 2018 [31] | PsA | Measurements of physical activity and daily calorie and protein intake | No association of physical activity and daily calorie and protein intake with sarcopenia in patients |
| Barone, 2018 [31] | AS | Measurements of physical activity and daily calorie and protein intake | No association of physical activity and daily calorie and protein intake with sarcopenia in patients |