Figure 2.

Effects of senescent astrocytes on brain diseases: neurodegenerative (left) and cancer (right). The center panel includes a senescent astrocyte with its appendages, which has started to affect disease processes some time before the appearance of their symptoms (not shown). In the panel to the left the senescent astrocyte affects a neuron already exhibiting severe neurodegenerative defects. In the panel to the right the senescent astrocyte induces different effects on special forms of glioblastoma and astrocytoma: increasing invasiveness (top arrow) [62,63]; and impairing proliferation (bottom arrow) [64]. The present astrocyte and neuron images are analogous to those of [23].