Table 3.

Multivariate models of factors associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 among youth and adults 15 years and older, South Africa 2012 (n = 4598).

Diabetes	Model 1: Demographic Variables			Model 2: Model 1 + SES Variables			Model 3: Model 2 + Kessler 10			Model 4: Model 3 + Stressors *			Model 5: Model 4 + Risk Factors *
Predictors	OR	S.E.	p	OR	S.E.	p	OR	S.E.	p	OR	S.E.	p	OR	S.E.	p
Population Group
Black	ref			ref			ref			ref			ref
White	1.226	0.648	0.700	1.009	0.613	0.989	1.144	0.680	0.822	1.033	0.577	0.954	0.883	0.429	0.798
Coloured	1.051	0.275	0.849	0.919	0.255	0.762	1.007	0.263	0.979	0.937	0.252	0.810	1.109	0.288	0.689
Indian	4.280	1.710	<0.001	3.044	1.347	0.012	3.374	1.470	0.006	2.884	1.341	0.023	3.352	1.476	0.006
Sex
Female	ref			ref			ref			ref			ref
Male	0.839	0.242	0.544	0.842	0.235	0.538	0.855	0.241	0.579	0.793	0.202	0.362	1.558	0.456	0.131
Age in years	1.046	0.008	<0.001	1.049	0.007	<0.001	1.048	0.007	<0.001	1.047	0.007	<0.001	1.043	0.007	<0.001
Educational status
No formal Schooling/Grade 0–7				ref			ref			ref			ref
Grade 8–12 (or Equivalent)				1.192	0.288	0.467	1.247	0.311	0.378	1.159	0.275	0.533	1.108	0.270	0.674
Higher Education				0.309	0.232	0.119	0.330	0.248	0.140	0.314	0.231	0.116	0.328	0.209	0.081
Household income in Rands
<5000				ref			ref			ref			ref
≥5000 < 10,000				0.728	0.223	0.301	0.725	0.225	0.300	0.755	0.213	0.319	0.722	0.210	0.264
≥10,000 < 25,000				1.027	0.320	0.933	1.014	0.319	0.966	0.934	0.315	0.840	0.863	0.302	0.674
≥25,000 < 50,000				0.848	0.418	0.739	0.837	0.412	0.718	0.736	0.365	0.537	0.720	0.377	0.531
≥50,000				1.264	0.761	0.698	1.247	0.751	0.713	1.149	0.652	0.806	0.962	0.492	0.939
Asset-Based Wealth Index
Quintile 1 (Lowest SES)				ref			ref			ref			ref
Quintile 2 (Lower SES)				1.763	1.003	0.320	1.825	1.052	0.297	1.640	0.935	0.386	1.491	0.922	0.518
Quintile 3 (Middle SES)				1.387	0.741	0.540	1.398	0.758	0.537	1.267	0.699	0.669	1.034	0.626	0.956
Quintile 4 (Higher SES)				1.720	0.848	0.272	1.743	0.871	0.267	1.511	0.795	0.433	1.168	0.669	0.786
Quintile 5 (Highest SES)				2.445	1.347	0.106	2.551	1.430	0.096	2.188	1.261	0.175	1.410	0.821	0.556
Kessler10 Score							1.038	0.015	0.011	1.048	0.017	0.003	1.044	0.015	0.004
Stressor indicators
Hunger										0.575	0.153	0.038	0.568	0.168	0.057
Home Alcohol Stress										0.952	0.398	0.905	0.921	0.348	0.828
Crowding										0.531	0.126	0.008	0.510	0.124	0.006
Neighborhood Inaccessibility										0.789	0.220	0.396	0.810	0.245	0.486
Economic Stress										1.157	0.435	0.698	1.269	0.527	0.567
Conflict										0.718	0.161	0.140	0.704	0.167	0.139
Neighborhood Crime and Alcohol										0.861	0.203	0.526	0.794	0.204	0.371
Health indicators
Family History of Diabetes													2.288	0.524	<0.001
Underweight < 18.5 kg/m2													ref
Normal weight 18.5–24.9 kg/m2													1.862	1.206	0.338
Overweight 25–29.9 kg/m2													4.266	2.481	0.013
Obese ≥ 30 kg/m2													9.985	6.005	<0.001
Inactive Lifestyle													1.189	0.303	0.496
Low Fruit and Vegetables													1.263	0.348	0.398
High Sugar													0.803	0.250	0.482
High Fat													1.399	0.502	0.350
High Alcohol Use													0.842	0.398	0.715

Bold indicates the estimate is significant at the 0.05 alpha level. * Model also adjusts for alcohol use in home.