Table 4.

Multivariate models of factors associated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among youth and adults 15 years and older, South Africa 2012 (n = 4598).

HbA1c	Model 1: Demographic Variables			Model 2: Model 1 + SES Variables			Model 3: Model 2 + Kessler 10			Model 4: Model 3 + Stressors *			Model 5: Model 4 + Risk Factors *
Predictors	Diff	S.E.	p	Diff	S.E.	p	Diff	S.E.	p	Diff	S.E.	p	Diff	S.E.	p
Population Group
Black	Ref			ref			ref			ref			ref
White	−0.364	0.100	<0.001	−0.412	0.128	0.001	−0.388	0.131	0.003	−0.436	0.134	0.001	−0.485	0.130	<0.001
Coloured	0.095	0.076	0.214	0.042	0.075	0.580	0.058	0.077	0.449	0.037	0.076	0.628	0.082	0.071	0.253
Indian	0.437	0.128	0.001	0.338	0.145	0.021	0.358	0.147	0.015	0.326	0.156	0.037	0.303	0.143	0.035
Sex
Female	Ref			ref			ref			ref			ref
Male	−0.032	0.054	0.551	−0.029	0.049	0.560	−0.025	0.049	0.607	−0.033	0.048	0.495	0.105	0.054	0.053
Age in years	0.019	0.002	<0.001	0.019	0.002	<0.001	0.019	0.002	<0.001	0.018	0.002	<0.001	0.016	0.002	<0.001
Educational status
No formal Schooling/Grade 0–7				ref			ref			ref			ref
Grade 8–12 (or Equivalent)				−0.008	0.091	0.932	<0.001	0.093	0.996	−0.003	0.092	0.972	−0.014	0.091	0.880
Higher Education				−0.297	0.136	0.029	−0.290	0.135	0.033	−0.272	0.132	0.041	−0.278	0.133	0.037
Household income in Rands
<5000				ref			ref			ref			ref
≥5000 < 10,000				0.049	0.078	0.526	0.049	0.078	0.529	0.073	0.077	0.342	0.065	0.074	0.384
≥10,000 < 25,000				−0.009	0.079	0.909	−0.009	0.079	0.908	−0.005	0.079	0.954	−0.027	0.078	0.733
≥25,000 < 50,000				0.010	0.120	0.934	0.005	0.121	0.969	−0.007	0.123	0.956	−0.031	0.119	0.798
≥50,000				0.070	0.132	0.595	0.072	0.132	0.586	0.059	0.132	0.655	0.023	0.127	0.859
Asset-Based Wealth Index
Quintile 1 (Lowest SES)				ref			ref			ref			ref
Quintile 2 (Lower SES)				0.106	0.081	0.190	0.110	0.081	0.174	0.112	0.082	0.174	0.106	0.081	0.192
Quintile 3 (Middle SES)				0.059	0.077	0.449	0.058	0.078	0.457	0.072	0.080	0.369	0.046	0.080	0.565
Quintile 4 (Higher SES)				0.171	0.086	0.047	0.171	0.086	0.046	0.195	0.087	0.026	0.150	0.090	0.098
Quintile 5 (Highest SES)				0.254	0.137	0.064	0.259	0.137	0.059	0.298	0.141	0.035	0.205	0.135	0.129
Kessler10 Score							0.008	0.005	0.107	0.011	0.005	0.039	0.007	0.005	0.133
Stressor indicators
Hunger										0.029	0.051	0.573	0.034	0.052	0.520
Home Alcohol Stress										−0.090	0.076	0.236	−0.088	0.070	0.210
Crowding										−0.111	0.044	0.012	−0.098	0.042	0.021
Neighborhood Inaccessibility										0.079	0.077	0.307	0.091	0.074	0.221
Economic Stress										−0.010	0.059	0.866	0.001	0.057	0.984
Conflict										−0.105	0.067	0.122	−0.095	0.062	0.128
Neighborhood Crime and Alcohol										−0.096	0.054	0.073	−0.106	0.053	0.046
Health indicators
Family History of Diabetes													0.414	0.080	<0.001
Underweight < 18.5 kg/m2													ref
Normal weight 18.5–24.9 kg/m2													<0.001	0.060	0.997
Overweight 25–29.9 kg/m2													0.174	0.095	0.070
Obese ≥ 30 kg/m2													0.360	0.075	<0.001
Inactive Lifestyle													−0.057	0.054	0.289
Low Fruit and Vegetables													0.027	0.059	0.650
High Sugar													0.028	0.079	0.720
High Fat													0.003	0.084	0.973
High Alcohol Use													−0.142	0.057	0.013

Bold indicates that the estimate is significant at the 0.05 alpha level. * Model also adjusts for alcohol use in the home.