Table 6.

Multivariate models of factors associated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among Black South African youth and adults 15 years and older, South Africa 2012 (n = 3042).

HbA1c	Model 1: Demographic Variables			Model 2: Model 1 + SES Variables			Model 3: Model 2 + Kessler 10			Model 4: Model 3 + Stressors *			Model 5: Model 4 + Risk Factors *
Predictors	Diff	S.E.	p	Diff	S.E.	p	Diff	S.E.	p	Diff	S.E.	p	Diff	S.E.	p
Geotype
Urban Formal	Ref			ref			ref			ref			ref
Urban Informal	−0.105	0.067	0.117	−0.033	0.074	0.659	−0.029	0.074	0.701	−0.001	0.073	0.991	0.023	0.075	0.761
Rural Informal (Tribal)	−0.043	0.072	0.550	0.043	0.078	0.586	0.049	0.078	0.531	0.041	0.079	0.608	0.039	0.078	0.619
Rural Formal (Farms)	0.013	0.169	0.937	0.102	0.176	0.562	0.111	0.179	0.537	0.090	0.182	0.623	0.134	0.179	0.454
Sex
Female	Ref			ref			ref			ref			ref
Male	−0.021	0.067	0.756	−0.019	0.061	0.763	−0.017	0.061	0.787	−0.034	0.061	0.580	0.117	0.069	0.091
Age in years	0.019	0.002	<0.001	0.019	0.002	<0.001	0.019	0.002	<0.001	0.018	0.002	<0.001	0.016	0.002	<0.001
Educational status
No formal Schooling/Grade 0–7				ref			ref			ref			ref
Grade 8–12 (or Equivalent)				0.010	0.111	0.928	0.017	0.114	0.883	0.001	0.112	0.994	−0.003	0.113	0.976
Higher Education				−0.142	0.168	0.396	−0.138	0.168	0.414	−0.152	0.166	0.360	−0.162	0.173	0.350
Household income in Rands
<5000				ref			ref			ref			ref
≥5000 < 10,000				0.045	0.086	0.602	0.045	0.087	0.605	0.069	0.085	0.415	0.055	0.083	0.507
≥10,000 < 25,000				−0.033	0.093	0.721	−0.033	0.093	0.727	−0.023	0.094	0.807	−0.035	0.092	0.701
≥25,000 < 50,000				0.022	0.153	0.884	0.017	0.156	0.916	0.001	0.158	0.995	−0.033	0.155	0.830
≥50,000				0.139	0.180	0.439	0.142	0.180	0.432	0.125	0.182	0.494	0.063	0.182	0.728
Asset-Based Wealth Index
Quintile 1 (Lowest SES)				ref			ref			ref			ref
Quintile 2 (Lower SES)				0.111	0.086	0.195	0.115	0.085	0.178	0.101	0.088	0.252	0.099	0.086	0.253
Quintile 3 (Middle SES)				0.063	0.089	0.476	0.066	0.088	0.458	0.059	0.088	0.509	0.058	0.087	0.510
Quintile 4 (Higher SES)				0.152	0.100	0.128	0.156	0.099	0.116	0.157	0.101	0.121	0.132	0.105	0.206
Quintile 5 (Highest SES)				0.268	0.182	0.141	0.276	0.180	0.127	0.303	0.180	0.093	0.253	0.178	0.157
Kessler10 Score							0.006	0.006	0.304	0.007	0.006	0.187	0.005	0.005	0.290
Stressor indicators
Hunger										0.029	0.053	0.589	0.033	0.054	0.542
Home Alcohol Stress										−0.100	0.089	0.263	−0.093	0.082	0.259
Crowding										−0.119	0.052	0.021	−0.105	0.049	0.032
Neighborhood Inaccessibility										−0.006	0.085	0.945	−0.009	0.081	0.907
Economic Stress										−0.004	0.067	0.952	0.010	0.065	0.877
Conflict										−0.103	0.080	0.196	−0.089	0.075	0.234
Neighborhood Crime and Alcohol										−0.093	0.063	0.137	−0.103	0.061	0.096
Health indicators
Family History of Diabetes													0.373	0.096	<0.001
Underweight < 18.5 kg/m2													ref
Normal weight 18.5–24.9 kg/m2													−0.022	0.074	0.763
Overweight 25–29.9 kg/m2													0.108	0.120	0.369
Obese ≥ 30 kg/m2													0.345	0.098	<0.001
Inactive Lifestyle													−0.046	0.063	0.466
Low Fruit and Vegetables													0.058	0.072	0.414
High Sugar													−0.003	0.091	0.978
High Fat													0.002	0.094	0.986
High Alcohol Use													−0.141	0.071	0.046

Bold indicates that the estimate is significant at the 0.05 alpha level. * Model also adjusts for alcohol use in the home.