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. 2023 May 16;20(10):5836. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20105836

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Elements of the trigemino-autonomic reflex involved in physiological cerebral vascular mechanisms. Stimulation of the TCC was active for the TNS group (Stim ON) and not active for the Sham group (Stim OFF). C1 and C2: cervical vertebrae level. TCC: trigemino-cervical complex; Th: thalamus; SSN: superior salivatory nucleus; TG: trigeminal ganglion; Gg: geniculate ganglion; SPN: superficial petrosal nerve; PPG: pterygopalatine ganglion; Ach: acetylcholine; NO: nitric oxide; Dm: dura mater.