Table 2.
Genetic subtypes according to the ploidy of the chromosome of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. WBC: white blood cells; EFS: event-free survival.
| Subtype of the ALL | Frequency (%) | Age (Median) | WBC (×109/L) | 5-Year EFS | Chromosomes (Loss or Gain) |
Genetic Alterations | Immunophenotype | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Near-haploidy | 0.5 | 6.2 | <50 | 25–40% | 3, 7, 9, 15, 16 and 17 | NRAS, FLT3, KRAS, PTPN11, NF1, histone modifiers, CREBBP, CDKN2A/B, histone gene cluster 6p22, IKZF3, PAG1 | CD19, CD22, CD34, cCD79a and TdT | [15,28,38,39,40] |
| Low hypodiploidy | 0.5 | 12.9 | ≤20 | 30–50% | 3, 7, 13, 16, and 17 | TP53, CREBBP, RB1, IKZF2, CDKN2A/2B | pro-B ALL phenotype | [15,17,28,38,39,40] |
| High hypodiploidy | 0.5 | 4 | ≤20 | 75% | 7, 9, and 12 | CDKN2A, TP53 | pro-B ALL phenotype, Common ALL | [38,39,41] |
| Low hyperdiploidy | 10–15 | 4 | ≤20 | 50% | X, 8, 10, and 21 | FLT3, NRAS, KRAS and PTPN11 | Common ALL | [29,32] |
| High hyperdiploidy | 25–30 | 4 | <10 | 90% | X, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18 and 21 | CEBPE, ARID5B, PIP4K2A, BMI, GAB2, CREBBP, WHSC1, SUV420H1, SETD2, EZH2, FLT3, NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11 | CD9, CD20, CD22, CD58, CD66c, CD86 and CD123 | [42,43,44,45,46] |
| Near-triploidy | 0.3–2.1 | 4.5 | ≤15 | 94% | X, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 21 | TP53, ETV6::RUNX1 | CD19, CD22 | [47,48] |
| Near-tetraploidy | 1.4 | 8.6 | ≤15 | 89% | X, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 | ETV6::RUNX1 | CD19, CD22 | [48,49,50,51] |