Table 1.

Summary of findings.

	Gender Stereotypes	Objectification	Sexualization
Frequency of portrayal	Common	Common	Common
Exposure effects	Both genders: Higher belief in gender stereotypes; endorsement of traditional gender roles. Women: reduction of political and career-related ambition; organizational discrimination.	Both genders: Internalization of cultural ideals of appearance; increase in self-objectification; hostile and benevolent sexism; enjoyment of sexualization. Men: proclivity for sexual coercion (moderator); conformity to gender role norms.	Both genders: Internalization of cultural ideals of appearance; self-sexualization. Men: higher support of sexist beliefs (boys); tolerance toward sexual violence.
Indirect effects	Women: Symptoms of depression and anxiety; higher likelihood of eating disorders; lower self-esteem and self-efficacy. Men: symptoms of depression, psychological distress; higher proclivity for sexual coercion; substance abuse, increased perpetration of risky behaviors, intimate partner violence.	Both genders: higher likelihood of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors	Both genders: higher levels of body dissatisfaction; body surveillance; distorted attitudes about eating; higher endorsement of sexist attitudes; acceptance of rape myths. Women: body shame (girls). Men: body surveillance of the partner.
Conflicting research	–	Men: media appearance pressures on body image	Effects of exposure to videogames
Understudied areas	Virtual reality	Non-sexual portrayals; specificities of sexual minorities; virtual reality	Specificities of videogames; specificities of sexual minorities; virtual reality