Table 3.
Monocyte subset phenotype and function.
| Classical | Intermediate | Nonclassical | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation markers |
CD64++ CD86+ TNFR1+ TNFR2+ HLADR+ |
CD64+ CD86++ TNFR1++ TNFR2+ HLADR++ |
CD64lo CD86+++ TNFR1+ TNFR2++ HLADR+ |
[4,64,80,88] |
| Anti-inflammatory Marker | CD163+++ CD36++ |
CD163++ CD36+ |
CD163+ CD36- |
[9,64] |
| Chemokine Receptors (Adhesion & Migration) | CCR2++ CCR5+ CX3CR1+ CD11b++ CD62L++ |
CCR2+ CCR5++ CX3CR1++ CD11b++ CD62L− |
CCR2lo CCR5+ CX3CR1+++ CD11b+ CD62L− |
[14,64,90,91] |
| Cytokine & Chemokine Production |
Mixed response to LPS (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3) | High in response to LPS (e.g., IL-1β TNFα) Major response to TLR2 agonist |
Weak response to LPS Response to viruses, selectively produce TNFα IL-1β, CCL3) |
[9] |
| Overall functions | Phagocytosis Adhesion and migration Antibacterial responses |
Phagocytosis Migration role unclear Antibacterial responses Antigen presentation |
Weak phagocytosis * Patrolling vasculature, migration Antiviral responses Antigen presentation |
Plus symbols (+, ++, +++) indicate degree of expression. Minus symbol (−) indicates not expressed. * Gene expression indicates complement and FC-mediated phagocytosis. LPS lipopolysaccharide, CCL chemokine (C-C motif) ligand.