Table 4.

Summary of the effects of H. erinaceus treatment on the GM in different models.

Model/Condition/Disease	Treatment (Doses and Duration)	Increased Bacteria	Decreased Bacteria	Other Effects	Reference
In vitro (after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and 24-h-fermentation) on fermentation broth of human feces	HEPs 1 (HEP-30, HEP-50, and HEP-70)	SCFA 2-producing bacteria: Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Butyricicoccus	Pathogenic bacteria: Klebsiella, Escherichia-Shigella, Enterobacter	-	[110]
In vitro (static batch culture 24 h fermentations and fecal inocula from elderly donors)	HEBS 3 and HEOLRP 4	-	-	Increasing propionate and butyrate levels.	[113]
Healthy adults (30.0 ± 4.9 years old)	1 g of H. erinaceus powder three times a day (7 days of washout)	SCFA-producing bacteria: Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Kineothrix alysoides, Gemmiger formicilis, Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans	Pathobionts: Bacteroides caccae, Streptococcus thermophilus, Romboutsia timonensis	Increasing in GM 5 alpha diversity. GM changes related to blood ALP 6, LDL 7, UA 8, and CREA 9.	[112]
Aged dogs	H. erinaceus 0.8 g per bw 10 with daily diets for 16 weeks	Bacteroidetes (order Bacteroidales)	Firmicutes: Streptococcus, Tyzzerella, Campylobacteraceae (genus Campylobacter)	-	[114]
Middle (8-week-old) and old (6-month-old)-aged mice	HEPs from the H. erinaceus sporophore 0.5 or 1 g/bw/day by gavage for 28 days	Lachnospiraceae, Akkermansiaceae	Rikenellaceae, Bacteroidaceae	Anti-inflammatory activity and immunomodulatory activity.	[115]
Acetic-acid-induced UC 11 adult rats	EP-1 12 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg by gavage for 11 days	SCFA producers	-	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory activities. Restoring a normal GM.	[116]
DSS 13-induced UC C57BL/6 adult male mice	HEP10 14 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg by gavage for 7 days	Akkermansia muciniphila.	Proteobacteria	Restoring GM-alpha and -beta diversities. Anti-inflammatory activity in colons.	[117]
IBD 15 adult rats and mice	HE/HEP3 100 mg/(kg * day) by gavage for 14 days	Anti-inflammatory bacteria, Corynebacterium, Bacteroides, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Desulfovibrio, Lactobacillus	Pro-inflammatory bacteria	Anti-inflammatory activity. Improving the GM composition.	[118,119]
CTX 16-immunodeficient adult mice	HEP and FHEP 300 mg/kg/day by gavage for 21 days	Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes	Klebsiella and Shigella	Anti-inflammatory activity. Improving TJ 17 and MUC 18 expression.	[111]
CTX-immunodeficient adult mice	HEPs 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg by gavage for 4 weeks	SCFA-producing bacteria, Alistipse, Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lachnospiracea, Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014	Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Alloprevotella	Improving the body weight and immune organ index. Increasing OTUs and adjusting GM-alpha and -beta diversities.	[121]
Xenograft adult male Balb/C mice, implanting with 100,000 CT-26 wt cancer cells	HEP 100 mg/kg/day per os for 21 days	Probiotic bacteria: Bifidobacterium, Gemellales, Blautia, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Roseburia, Lachnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Desulfovibrio	Parabacteroides, Christensenellaceae, Anoxybacillus, Staphylococcus, Aggregatibacter, Comamonadaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Sporosarcina, Planococcaceae, Aerococcaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, and Bilophila	Reducing the 5-Fu-induced GM dysbiosis, suppressing tumor growth, and inhibiting inflammatory markers.	[120]

Abbreviations: ¹ H. erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs), ² shorty-chain fatty acid (SCFA), ³ H. erinaceus LGAM 4514 in 100% beech sawdust (HEBS), ⁴ H. erinaceus LGAM 4514 in olive pruning residues (HEOLRP), ⁵ gut microbiota (GM), ⁶ alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ⁷ low-density lipoprotein (LDL), ⁸ uric acid (UA), ⁹ creatinine (CREA), ¹⁰ body weight (Bw), ¹¹ ulcerative colitis (UC), ¹² purified unique polysaccharide isolated from H. erinaceus mycelium (EP-1), ¹³ dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), ¹⁴ low-weight polysaccharide from H. erinaceus with Mw: 9.9 kDa (HEP10), ¹⁵ intestinal bowel disease (IBD), ¹⁶ cyclophosphamide (CTX), ¹⁷ tight junctions (TJ), ¹⁸ mucin (MUC).