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. 2023 May 12;9(5):565. doi: 10.3390/jof9050565

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The fungal pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR). Upper panel: General features of PDR regulation. Different xenobiotic molecules, including antibiotic drugs, are recognized by transcriptional activators (Pdr-TFs) via their xenobiotic binding domains (XBD). Pdr-TFs bound at pleiotropic drug resistance promoter elements (PDRE) stimulate via their transactivation domains (AD) the expression of PDR, MDR, or MFS genes encoding plasma membrane transporters of the pleiotropic drug resistance, multidrug resistance, or major facilitator superfamilies. Lower panel: molecular mechanisms leading to antifungal drug resistance via the PDR system.