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. 2023 May 26;13:8527. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-35753-w

Table 4.

The ranges of factors to optimize the pre-leaching step.

Factor Range
Leaching time 0.5–3 h
Leaching temperature 25–95 °C
HCl concentration 1–7 M
L/S ratio 5–40 mL/g