Table 2.

Examples of governance networks established by Indigenous peoples within and through GEG forums

Type of network	Outcomes	Examples
Indigenous networks (both informal and formal)	• Sharing information and resources (Ciplet, 2014; Tengo et al., 2017)	• Barcelona World Conservation Congress, Alliances Workshop, “From Chico Mendez to Copenhagen: Learning from Forestry Peoples How to Make REDD Work” (Doolittle, 2010)
	• Shared acknowledgment of dispossession of lands/culture (Ciplet, 2014)	• IPOs pool and redistribute badges to each other for attending UNFCCC meetings (Belfer et al., 2019)
	• Legitimacy (Adeyeye et al., 2019)	• Formation of the International Indigenous Peoples Forum on Climate Change (IIPCC) who determine what will be negotiated for at COPs meetings (Claeys & Pugley (2016)
	• Collaborative lobbying for recognition and inclusion of shared visions, concerns, perspectives, worldviews (Adeyeye et al., 2019; Tengo et al., 2017)	• Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) made up of Inuit from Alaska, Canada, Greenland and Chukotka (Russia) to advocate for Arctic Indigenous populations in response to climate change (Martello, 2008)
Indigenous and other marginalized groups alliances	• Strengthen push for human rights and social justice issues related to environmental governance	• Alliances with women and gender constituencies as well as trade unions (Belfer et al., 2019)
	• Stronger, unified voices	• Alliances with local communities through organizations such as within the IPBES (Mercon et al., 2019; Obermeister, 2015)
Indigenous—NGOs and research networks	• Establishing shared values for advocacy that are in alignment with social and environmental justice (Suiseeya, 2014)	• IUCN TILCEPA and CEESP supporting Indigenous rights groups at the Work Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa in 2003 (Brosius, 2004; Paulson et al., 2012)
	• Boundary and bridging organizations to enhance knowledge inclusion and facilitation of interaction between different knowledge systems and governance actors (Aguilar-Stoen, 2017; Obermeister, 2015)	• IPBES Platform establishing a Task Force for fostering the recognition and inclusion of Indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ knowledge (Mercon et al., 2019; Obermeister, 2015)
		• Alliances with Indigenous social movements and CSOs like the World Rainforest Movement (Obermeister, 2015)