| Authors |
Cultural Group |
Perception of Mental Illness |
Impact on Stigma |
| Chen & Mak, 2008 [15] |
Asian |
Seen as a sign of personal weakness or failure of self-control |
Stigma leads to family shame, discourages help-seeking |
| Girma et al., 2013 [17] |
African |
Attributed to spiritual or supernatural causes |
High stigma levels, deter individuals from seeking psychiatric help |
| Karam et al., 2008 [20] |
Arab |
Viewed as a form of divine punishment |
Significant stigma, leads to delayed or avoided treatment |
| Alegria et al., 2002 [21] |
Latin American |
Attributed to personal weakness or lack of willpower |
Stigmatizes individuals, discourages them from seeking psychiatric care |
| Corrigan & Watson, 2007 [12] |
Western |
Misconceptions about danger or unpredictability |
Results in social exclusion and discrimination |
