Figure 1.

Summary of the functions and mechanisms of action of the 3 products of the Zingiberaceae family. Bold color refers to the functions and red color refers to the mechanisms of action.↑: increases; ↓: decreases; NO: nitric oxide; APOP: advanced protein oxidation products; MDA: malondialdehyde; XO: xanthine oxidase; CRP: C-reactive protein; CAT: catalase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; 5-HT3: 5-hydroxytryptamine type3; IL-6: interleukin-6; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; IL-1β: interleuikin-1beta; PGE₂: prostaglandin E₂; 5-LOX: 5-lypooxygenase; FtsZ: cell division protein FtsZ; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PCSK9: proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9.