Table 1.

Bioactive compounds of cardamom, turmeric, and ginger adapted from [6,10,23].

Plants	Dose	Phytochemicals	Bioactive Compounds
Cardamom	1–3 g/d	Terpenes	1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, nerolidol, sabinene, g-terpinene, α-pinene, methyl linoleate, α-terpineol, β-pinene, n-hexadecanoic acid, and limonene
		Phenolic compounds	Curcumin I (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione)
Turmeric	0.5–2 g/d	Curcuminoid (polyphenolic compounds)	Curcumin II (demethoxycurcumin, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, and curcumin III (bisdemethoxycurcumin, 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione)
		Non-curcuminoids (terpenoids and phenolic compounds)	Turmerones, elemene, bisacurone, curdione, cyclocurcumin, germacrone, furanodiene, curcumol, and calebin A
Ginger	1–3 g/d	Phenolics compounds	Gingerols, shogaols, paradols, quercetin, zingerone, and gingerenone-A
		Terpene components	β-bisabolene, α-curcumene, zingiberene, α-farnesene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and zingiberene