Table 1.
MOF-based nanomedicines for MRSA treatment.
| MOF-Based Nanomedicine | Antibacterial Mechanism (s) |
Infected Mammalian Cell/Animal Model | Antibacterial Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIL@GOx-MIL NR (MIL, composed of iron (III) and 2-aminoterephtalic acid linker, and encapsulated glucose oxidase) | MOF as a catalyst of ROS production | - | More than 99.99% inhibition of MRSA biofilm growth | [21] |
| D-AzAla@MIL-100(Fe) + DBCO-TPETM (Pluronic-coated MIL-100(Fe) encapsulated with 3-azido-d-alanine) | MOF as a DDS for PS precursor | Abscess model in MRSA-infected BALB/C nude mice | In vivo: bacteria-killing efficacy more than 75% after intravenous nanoMOF injection | [76] |
| LL-37@MIL-101-Van (MIL-101(Fe)-based nanoparticles with covalently attached vancomycin and antimicrobial peptide LL-37) | MOF as a catalyst of ROS production and a DDS for antibiotics | MRSA-infected wounds in Kunming mice | In vitro: ~100% inhibition of MRSA biofilm growth; In vivo: facilitated healing of MRSA-infected wounds after intravenous nanoMOF injection | [79] |
| ZIF-8-ICG (ZIF-8 MOF loaded with indocyanine green) | MOF as a pH-responsive DDS for PTT | MRSA-induced subcutaneous abscess model in Balb/c mice | In vitro: ~100% inhibition of MRSA biofilm growth; In vivo: more than 93% MRSA ablation after local nanoMOF injection | [35] |
| ZIF-8-PAA-MB@AgNPs@Van-PEG (ZIF-polyacrylic acid-based NPs loaded with Ag NPs and methylene blue followed by a secondary modification with vancomycin/NH2-polyethylene glycol) | MOF as a pH-responsive DDS for PS, antibiotic, and Ag NPs | MRSA-induced endophthalmitis in rabbit model | In vivo: significant MRSA inhibition growth after injection of nanoMOFs into the vitreous cavity | [34] |
| RFP&o-NBA@ZIF-8 (ZIF-8 MOFs modified with a light responsive pH-jump reagent 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and loaded with rifampicin) | MOF as a UV-responsive DDS for antibiotic | MRSA-infected wound in BALBc mice | In vitro: more than 60% bacterial inhibition rate; In vivo: ~100% MRSA inhibition and accelerated wound healing upon local treatment with nanoMOFs with UV irradiation |
[77] |
| Ag-PCN-224-HA (hyaluronic acid-coated porphyrin-based MOFs loaded with Ag ions) | Stimulus-responsive PS-based MOF as a DDS for Ag ions | Wound model infected with MRSA in Kunming mice | In vitro: more than 90% inhibition of MRSA biofilm growth; In vivo: more than 80% MRSA inhibition and eschar formation without edema or inflammation after topical wound treatment with PCN-224-Ag-HA | [26] |
| MIL-100(Fe) loaded with amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate | MOF as a DDS for antibiotic | S. aureus infected macrophages | In vitro: 3-5-fold decrease of bacterial load as compared to free antibiotics | [75] |
| MSN-Sul@carMOF (pH-responsive MOF-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for carbenicillin and sulbactam) | MOF-containing composite as a pH-responsive DDS for antibiotics | MRSA-infected skin mouse model and mouse model of systemic infection induced by MRSA | In vitro: complete inhibition of biofilm formation; In vivo: enhanced inhibition of MRSA growth and 80% higher rate of mice survival | [78] |
| PLT@Ag-MOF-Van (platelet membrane-encapsulated vancomycin-loaded Ag-based nanoMOFs) |
Ag-based nanoMOFs as a DDS for antibiotic | MRSA-induced lung infection in mice | In vitro: significant inhibition of bacteria growth; In vivo: 100% of mice survival after intravenous injection of PLT@Ag-MOF-Vanc | [50] |