Table 1.
Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives are used as antibiotics against several pathogenic microorganisms.
| Pathogenic Microorganisms | Active Concentrations | References | Pathogenic Microorganisms | Active Concentrations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis 5001 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Enterococcus faecalis C159-6 Staphylococcus lugdunensis T26A3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27583 |
MIC (0.3 mg/mL of RA) MIC (0.3 mg/mL of RA) MIC (0.3 mg/mL of RA) MIC (0.6 mg/mL of RA) MIC (2.5 mg/mL of RA) |
[77] | Escherichia coli | MIC 0.8 mg/mL of RA; MBC 0.9 mg/mL of RA | [189] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | MIC 1.0 mg/mL of RA; MBC 1.1 mg/mL of RA | ||||
| Salmonella | MIC 0.9 mg/mL of RA; MBC 1.0 mg/mL of RA | ||||
| Bacillus subtilis | MIC 1.0 mg/mL of RA; MBC 1.1 mg/mL of RA | ||||
|
Corynebacterium T25-17 Mycobacterium smegmatis 5003 Staphylococcus warneri T12A12 |
MIC (2.5 mg/mL of RA) MIC (1.2 mg/mL of RA) MIC (1.2 mg/mL of RA) |
Micrococcus luteus | MIC 0.1 mg/mL; MBC 0.2 mg/mL | [193] | |
| Rothia mucilagenosa | MIC 0.1 mg/mL; MBC 0.2 mg/mL | ||||
| Klebsiella sp. | IZ 28 mm at 1 mg/mL of RA | [177] | Streptococcus agalactiae | MIC 0.05 mg/mL; MBC 0.1 mg/mL | |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophela | IZ 19 mm at 1 mg/mL of RA | Streptococcus angiosus | MIC 0.05 mg/mL; MBC 0.1 mg/mL | ||
| Streptomyces sp. | IZ 26 mm at 1 mg/mL of RA | Streptococcus dysgalactie | MIC 0.05 mg/mL; MBC 0.1 mg/mL | ||
| Pantoea agglomerans | IZ 18 mm at 1 mg/mL of RA | Streptococcus oralis | MIC 0.05 mg/mL; MBC 0.1 mg/mL | ||
| Paenibacillus chibensis | IZ < 1 mm at RA-methyl ester IZ 4.4 mm at tannic acid IZ > 2 mm at RA-hexyl ester IZ between 3 mm and 4 mm at RA-propyl ester |
[194] | Streptococcus parasanquinis | MIC 0.05 mg/mL; MBC 0.1 mg/mL | |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | MIC 0.1 mg/mL; MBC 0.2 mg/mL | ||||
| Streptococcus salivarius | MIC 0.002 mg/mL; MBC 0.004 mg/mL | ||||
| Staphylococcus waeneri | IZ < 1 mm at RA-methyl ester IZ 5 mm at tannic acid IZ ˃ 2 mm at RA-hexyl ester IZ between 2 mm and 3 mm at RA-propyl ester |
Staphylococcus aureus | MIC ˃ 0.8 mg/mL; MBC ˃ 0.8 mg/mL | ||
| Staphylococcus hominis | MIC 0.4 mg/mL; MBC 0.8 mg/mL | ||||
| Bacillus cereus | IZ > 3 mm at RA-methyl ester IZ 6 mm at tannic acid IZ 7.7 mm at RA-hexyl ester IZ 9 mm at RA-propyl ester |
Enterobacter cloacae | MIC 0.1 mg/mL; MBC 0.2 mg/mL | ||
| Strenotrophomonas maltophila | MIC0.4 mg/mL; MBC 0.8 mg/mL | ||||
| Bacillus subtilis | MICs 5 ppm of AR | [181] | Candida albicans 475/15 | MIC 0.1 mg/mL of RA MFC 0.2 mg/mL of RA |
|
| Bacillus cereus | MICs 10 ppm of AR | Candida albicans 13/15 | MIC 0.1 mg/mL of RA; MFC 0.2 mg/mL of RA | ||
| Bacillus polymyxa | MICs 15 ppm of AR | Candida albicans 17/15 | MIC 0.1 mg/mL of RA; MFC 0.2 mg/mL of RA | ||
| C. butyricum: C. sporogenes | MICs of <20 ppm of RA | [190] | Candida albicans 527/14 | MIC 0.15 mg/mL of RA; MFC 0.3 mg/mL of RA | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | IC50 at 25.47 ng μL−1 of RA | [195] | Candida albicans 10/15 | MIC 0.15 mg/mL of RA; MFC 0.3 mg/mL of RA | |
| Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) | In vivo 100 mg/kg/day of RA | [196] | Candida albicans 532 | MIC 0.1 mg/mL of RA; MFC 0.2 mg/mL of RA | |
| S. aureus | IZ 22 ± 1.00 mm at 1.33 ± 0.01 mg/g of RA | [183] | Candida albicans ATCC 10231 | MIC 0.2 mg/mL of RA; MFC 0.4 mg/mL of RA | |
| L. monocytogenes | IZ 20 ± 2.00 mm at 1.33 ± 0.01 mg/g of RA | Candia krusei H1/16 | MIC 0.2 mg/mL of RA; MFC 0.4 mg/mL of RA | ||
| E. coli | IZ 8 ± 0.50 mm at 1.33 ± 0.01 mg/g of RA | Candida glabrata 4/6/15 | MIC 0.1 mg/mL of RA; MFC 0.2 mg/mL of RA | ||
| S. typhimurium | IZ 10 ± 0.00 mm at 1.33 ± 0.01 mg/g of RA | Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 | MIC at 0.2 mg/mL of RA MFC at 0.4 mg/mL of RA |
||
| C. albicans | IZ 28 ± 3.00 mm at 1.33 ± 0.01 mg/g of RA | Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 | MIC at 0.1 mg/mL of RA MFC at 0.2 mg/mL of RA |
IZ: Inhibition Zone, MIC:minimal inhibitory concentration. MFC: minimal fungicidal concentration.