Table 2.
Time trend of antibiotic consumption (DDDs/100 patient-days) in a hospital, January 2013 to December 2018.
| Time Trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic Consumption DDDs/100 Patient-Days | EVSP January 2013 (95% CI) | EVEP December 2018 (95% CI) | p-Value | % Relative Change/Year (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Total Hospital Clinics | |||||
| Fluoroquinolones | 10.2 (9.6 to 10.7) |
10.6 (10.2 to 11.0) |
0.176 | −2.96 (−3.72 to −2.20) up to 2/2014 | <0.001 |
| 0.69 (0.56 to 0.82) after 2/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| Colistin | 2.7 (2.4 to 3.0) |
1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) |
<0.001 | −0.92 (−1.14 to −0.70) up to 08/2014 | <0.001 |
| 0.04 (−0.04 to 0.11) after 08/2014 | 0.329 | ||||
| Aminoglycosides | 6.5 (6.3 to 6.7) |
4.3 (4.1 to 4.5) |
<0.001 | −0.36 (−0.42 to −0.31) | <0.001 |
| 3rd generation cephalosporins | 16.1 (14.6 to 17.6) |
7.3 (6.9 to 7.7) |
<0.001 | −12.42 (−14.11 to −10.73) up to 12/2013 | <0.001 |
| 0.51 (0.37 to 0.66) after 12/2013 | <0.001 | ||||
| Carbapenems | 9.3 (8.3 to 10.4) |
7.8 (7.3 to 8.2) |
0.008 | −2.30 (−3.06 to −1.53) up to 6/2014 | <0.001 |
| 0.37 (0.23 to 0.51) after 6/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| Total Hospital Departments | |||||
| Fluoroquinolones | 11.0 (10.3 to 11.7) |
11.6 (11.1 to 12.0) |
0.159 | −3.13 (−4.08 to −2.18) up to 1/2014 | <0.001 |
| 0.76 (0.60 to 0.91) after 1/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| Colistin | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.9) |
0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) |
<0.001 | −0.41 (−0.63 to −0.19) up to 08/2014 | <0.001 |
| −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.06) after 08/2014 | 0.816 | ||||
| Aminoglycosides | 7.3 (6.8 to 7.7) |
4.5 (4.3 to 4.7) |
<0.001 | −1.00 (−1.35 to −0.65) up to 7/2014 | <0.001 |
| −0.29 (−0.36 to −0.21) after 7/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| 3rd generation cephalosporins | 18 (1.3 to 1.9) |
7.6 (0.8 to 1.1) |
<0.001 | −14.05 (−15.87 to −12.22) up to 12/2013 | <0.001 |
| 0.49 (−0.34 to 0.64) after 12/2013 | <0.001 | ||||
| Carbapenems | 8.1 (7.2 to 9.0) |
7.6 (7.0 to 8.2) |
0.336 | −1.83 (−2.53 to −1.14) up to 7/2014 | <0.001 |
| 0.50 (0.32 to 0.68) after 7/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| Adults Clinic | |||||
| Fluoroquinolones | 16.2 (14.9 to 17.4) |
17.8 (17.1 to 17.4) |
0.024 | −4.00 (−5.60 to −2.39) up to 1/2014 | <0.001 |
| 1.14 (0.90 to 1.38) after 1/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| Colistin | 4.2 (3.7 to 4.8) |
2.4 (2.1 to 2.6) |
<0.001 | −1.30 (−1.70 to −0.89) up to 08/2014 | <0.001 |
| 0.04 (−0.09 to 0.16) after 08/2014 | 0.565 | ||||
| Aminoglycosides | 9.4 (9.1 to 9.7) |
6.1 (5.9 to 6.4) |
<0.001 | −0.55 (−0.63 to −0.47) | <0.001 |
| 3rd generation cephalosporins | 23.7 (21.6 to 25.9) |
8.1 (7.4 to 8.7) |
<0.001 | −17.83 (−20.02 to −15.64) up to 1/2014 | <0.001 |
| 0.44 (0.21 to 0.67) after 1/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| Carbapenems | 13.7 (11.7 to 15.7) |
12.1 (11.3 to 12.9) |
0.123 | −2.34 (−3.82 to −0.86) up to 7/2014 | 0.002 |
| 0.42 (0.17 to 0.67) after 7/2014 | 0.001 | ||||
| Adults Clinic Departments | |||||
| Fluoroquinolones | 17.1 (14.6 to 19.6) |
17.9 (17.2 to 18.6) |
0.539 | −5.08 (−7.87 to −2.29) up to 1/2014 | 0.001 |
| 1.19 (0.93 to 1.46) after 1/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| Colistin | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.7) |
1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) |
0.004 | −0.46 (−0.84 to −0.08) up to 08/2014 | 0.018 |
| −0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08) after 08/2014 | 0.680 | ||||
| Aminoglycosides | 10.6 (10.3 to 10.9) |
6.2 (5.9 to 6.5) |
<0.001 | −1.73 (−2.03 to −1.42) up to 5/2014 | <0.001 |
| −0.45 (−0.55 to −0.36) after 5/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| 3rd generation cephalosporins | 26.2 (22.8 to 29.7) |
7.6 (6.9 to 8.2) |
<0.001 | −20.34 (−23.82 to −16.86) up to 1/2014 | <0.001 |
| 0.33 (0.09 to 0.58) after 1/2014 | 0.008 | ||||
| Carbapenems | 11.2 (9.2 to 13.2) |
10.9 (10.0 to 11.7) |
0.776 | −1.82 (−3.25 to 0.40) up to 8/2014 | 0.013 |
| 0.60 (0.32 to 0.87) after 8/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| Adults ICU | |||||
| Fluoroquinolones | 20.7 (17.0 to 24.4) |
18.6 (14.9 to 22.4) |
0.494 | −0.36 (−1.40 to 0.68) | 0.494 |
| Colistin | 11.6 (8.2 to 15.1) |
12.5 (9.5 to 15.5) |
0.681 | −1.63 (−3.20 to 0.06) up to 01/2017 | 0.042 |
| 7.27 (3.12 to 11.42) after 01/2017 | 0.001 | ||||
| Aminoglycosides | 9.3 (7.0 to 11.5) |
7.1 (4.6 to 9.6) |
0.289 | −0.36 (−1.04 to −0.31) | 0.289 |
| 3rd generation cephalosporins | 15.1 (10.3 to 19.9) |
21.3 (17.7 to 24.9) |
0.036 | −8.59 (−13.33 to −3.84) up to 4/2014 | 0.001 |
| 3.63 (2.44 to 4.81) after 4/2014 | <0.001 | ||||
| Carbapenems | 48.5 (41.0 to 55.9) |
65.2 (51.7 to 78.8) |
0.025 | −1.78 (−4.39 to 0.83) up to 3/2017 | 0.177 |
| 13.81 (4.08 to 23.55) after 3/2017 | 0.006 | ||||
DDD: Daily Dose Defined, EVSP: Estimated Value Start Period; EVEP: Estimated Value End Period; CI: Confidence Interval; All estimates derived from linear regression models with robust standard errors, seasonality terms, and piecewise linear long-term trend: E[Y] = β0 + β1t− + β2t+ + β3 × sin(2πt/12) + β4 × cos(2πt/12) + β5 × sin(4πt/12) + β6 × cos(4πt/12) with E[Y] being the expected consumption value and t being time since study start in months (t− and t+ piecewise linear time terms). Absolute changes/year derived as β1,2 × 12.