Table 1.
Hydrogel drug delivery systems used in various bone defects.
| Types | Polymers/Monomers | Drugs | Methods | Features/Mechanics | Size | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cranial defects |
Chitosan | Montmorillonite Riboflavin |
Electrostatic interaction | Recruit native cells for bone regeneration | 3 mm | [63] |
| Glycosyl-nucleosyl-fluorinated (GNF) amphiphile | BMP-2 | Incubated at 37 °C for 30 min | Slowly release BMP-2 | 3.5 mm | [81] | |
| Jawbone defects | Polyethylene glycol (PEG) |
DNA single strand, MMP-9 DNA aptamer-linker (Apt-linker), DNA hybridization | Thiol-ene click | Antibacterial, induces osteogenesis | 4 × 2 × 1 mm | [82] |
| Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) | Sodium alginate (Sr2+), β-TCP, MXene (Ti3C2) |
Mix in dark at 50 °C for 2 h, photo-crosslinked | Antibacterial, induces MSCs differentiation | 5 mm | [83] | |
| Polycaprolactone/β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL/TCP) mixture | Resveratrol (RSV), strontium ranelate (SrRn) | Ultraviolet irradiation | Promotes MSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation | 4 mm | [84] | |
| Cartilage defects | Sodium alginate (SA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide | Exosome | Chemical reaction | Recruits BMSCs and induces cartilage regeneration | 5 × 3 mm | [85] |
| Osteochondral defects | Photocrosslinkable HA methacryloyl | Kartogenin, melatonin |
Host–guest interactions | Induces cartilage regeneration and bone regeneration | 6 × 3 mm | [86] |