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. 2023 May 10;23(10):4643. doi: 10.3390/s23104643

Table 5.

Mass levels of control according to the IMO in the frame of a regulatory scoping exercise from 2018 [121].

Level Description
1 Ships with automated processes and decision support
2 Remotely controlled ships with seafarers onboard
3 Remotely controlled ships without seafarers on board
4 Fully autonomous ships