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. 2023 May 1;13(5):1122. doi: 10.3390/life13051122

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The mRNA expression of cytokines in the jejunum (A–D) and spleen (E–H) in broiler chickens among groups. Data are expressed as mean and SE from 14 chickens. ^a,b Bars with different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05). * Indicates the significant main effects of VitA supplementation vs. no supplementation (p < 0.05). ^# Indicates the significant main effects of NE challenge vs. unchallenged (p < 0.05). IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; TGF-β4, transforming growth factor-β4; Ctrl, control; VitA, vitamin A; NE, necrotic enteritis.