Skip to main content
. 2023 May 20;13(5):532. doi: 10.3390/membranes13050532

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Examples of porous polymer membrane fabrication techniques [23], showing porosity created by bottom-up methods, such as polymer assembly (adapted with permission from [24], Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society, and from [25], Copyright 2014 John Wiley and Sons.), by top-down methods such as etching or dissolving certain components (adapted with permission from [26], Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society), and by assembling fine fiber structures, such as by electrospinning (adapted from [27], which has an open-access CC BY-NC 3.0 license).