Table 2.

In vivo evidence of neuroprotective activities of LAB as probiotics.

Main Author, Year	LAB/Probiotic Formulation Containing LAB	Animal	Activities/Results	Ref.
Azm et al., 2018	Lactobacillus acidophilus (1688FL431-16LA02) Lactobacillus fermentum (ME3) Bifidobacterium lactis (1195SL609-16BS01) Bifidobacterium longum (1152SL593-16BL03)	Eight-week-old male Wistar rats Aβ-induced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model	Significant improvement in spatial memory in rats. Improved oxidative stress biomarkers.	[59]
Bonfili et al., 2018	Formulation SLAB51: Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 32241 Lactobacillus helveticus DSM 32242 Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 32243 Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 32244 Lactobacillus brevis DSM 27961 Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 32246 Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 32247 Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 32245	Eight-week-old male transgenic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice (3xTg-AD)	Significantly reduced oxidative stress in AD mice brain by activating SIRT1-dependent mechanisms.	[62]
Corpuz et al., 2018	Lactobacillus paracasei K71 Lactobacillus casei subsp. Casei zz	Fourteen-week-old female SAMP8 mice	Better cognitive performance in the Barnes maze and passive avoidance tests after K71 supplementation. Upregulation in BDNF expression and CREB phosphorylation in the hippocampus.	[53]
Choi et al., 2019	Lactobacillus plantarum	Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice	Reduced depression-like behavior by elevating BDNF expression.	[56]
Rezaei Asl et al., 2019	Lactobacillus acidophilus Bifidobacterium bifidum Bifidobacterium longum	Adult male Wistar rats Aβ-induced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model	Improved maze navigation. Restored long-term potentiation (LTP) in rats.	[60]
Rezaeiasl et al., 2019	Lactobacillus acidophilus Bifidobacterium bifidum Bifidobacterium longum	Adult male Wistar rats Aβ-induced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model	Significant improvement in learning. Increased paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) ratios.	[61]
Bonfili et al., 2020	Formulation SLAB51: Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 32241 Lactobacillus helveticus DSM 32242 Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 32243 Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 32244 Lactobacillus brevis DSM 27961 Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 32246 Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 32247 Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 32245	Eight-week-old male transgenic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice (3xTg-AD)	Improvement in glucose uptake in the brain. Memory improvement.	[63]
Mehrabadi and Sadr, 2020	Lactobacillus reuteri Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Bifidobacterium infantis	Male Wistar rats, Aβ1-40-induced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model	Significant improvement in spatial memory and reduced Aβ plaques. Reduced IL-1β and TNF-α inflammation markers.	[65]
Kaur et al., 2020	VSL#3® Formulation: Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus plantarum Lactobacillus paracasei Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus Bifidobacterium longum Bifidobacterium breve Bifidobacterium infantis	C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) AppNL-G-F mice, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model	Altered levels of lactate and acetate in both serum and brain. Upregulated expression of the neuronal activity marker, c-Fos.	[64]
Visnuk et al., 2020	Lactobacillus plantarum CRL 2130 (a riboflavin producer) Streptococcus thermophilus CRL 807 (an immunomodulatory strain) Streptococcus thermophilus CRL 808 (a folate producer)	Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (MPTP/probenecid parkinsonism model)	Enhanced motor skills. Higher brain tyrosine-hydrolase-positive cell counts. Reduced IL-6 and TNF-α in serum. Elevated levels of IL-10 in serum and brain tissues. Improvement in neuroinflammation.	[43]
Yang et al., 2020	ProBiotic-4 formulation: Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus acidophilus Bifidobacterium lactis Bifidobacterium bifidum	Nine-month-old senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8)	Improved the memory deficits, cerebral neuronal and synaptic injuries, glial activation, and microbiota composition in the feces and brains.	[55]
Beltagy et al., 2021	Lactobacillus acidophilus	Adult male albino rats (6–7 weeks age)	Significant changes in neurotransmitters and antioxidants levels. Alleviate learning- and memory-associated injuries in Alzheimer’s rats.	[58]
Wang et al., 2021	Lactobacillus plantarum DP189	MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) model mice	Improved behavioral ability. Significant neuroprotective effect in PD mice.	[66]
Zolfaghari et al., 2021	Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus reuteri Lactobacillus plantarum	Adult male Wistar rats	Prevented LPS-induced elevation of TNF-α mRNA and memory deterioration. Probiotics exert neuroprotective activity via immune-modulatory properties.	[57]
Liu et al., 2022	Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG	Male C57BL/6J mice (8-week-old)	Prevented dopaminergic neuronal loss and weakened muscle strength in behavior tests. Neuroprotective activities possibly due to enhancement of striatal glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression.	[67]
Sahin et al., 2022	VSL#3® Formulation: Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus plantarum Lactobacillus paracasei Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus Bifidobacterium longum Bifidobacterium breve Bifidobacterium infantis	Eight-week-old Wistar Albino rats	Decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. Reduced neurotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in rats.	[54]
Visnuk et al., 2022	Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL2130 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL725	Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (MPTP/probenecid parkinsonism model)	Attenuated motor deficits Prevented dopaminergic neuronal death. Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase in IL-10 levels in serum and brain	[42]