Table 1.
Literature review of researched articles.
| First Author, Country | Type of Study | Number of Patients | Number of TPE Treatment | Replacement Fluid | TPE Safety | Special Observations/Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F. Kharmis, Oman [19] | Case–control series | 11 TPE 20 Control group |
5 | FFP, citrate dextrose solution | Hypotension (1 patient) | Reduced inflammatory markers and SOFA scores. TPE should be utilized earlier in critically ill patients within 7–14 days of illness onset. |
| Y. Matsushita, Japan [20] | Retrospective study | 5 | 3–7 | FFP | Not reported | Positive evolution in 40% of patients. Decrease in CRP and improvement in PaO2/FiO2 ratio in all cases. |
| S. M. Hashemian, Iran [21] | Single group case series study | 15 | 3 | 5% human albumin solution and 0.9% saline. FFP from with positive detection anti-SARS COV-2 IgG and IgM (4 patients). |
Not reported | Improvement in oxygenation status. Reduced inflammatory mediators p < 0.001. Improvement in hepatic functions. TPE offers safety and efficacy in removing inflammatory cytokine and acute phase proteins. |
| S. M. Kamran, Pakistan [22] | Retrospective observational study | 45 TPE 45 control group |
1–5 | FFP and normal saline 2:1 | Femoral artery puncture (1 patient) Thrombophlebitis of the femoral vein (1 patient) |
Decreased duration of hospitalization. Reduced inflammatory markers. Better results of TPE when used closer (within 12 days) to onset of symptoms. |
| F. Faqihi, Saudi Arabia [23] | Prospective study | 10 | 5–7 | FFP or human albumin 5% | None | Significantly reduced inflammatory markers and improved PaO2/FiO2 ratios and SOFA scores. |
| J. Fernandez, Spain [24] | Single center case series study | 4 | 2–6 | Human albumin 5% | None | Reduced inflammatory markers. Effective rescue therapy in critically ill patients. Improved survival in very severe COVID-19 therapy. Decreased in severity scores. |
| W. L. Gluck, USA [25] | Single center case series study | 10 | 4–5 | FFP or human albumin 5% | None | Reduction in inflammatory markers. Improved oxygenation parameters. 4/4 of patients were liberated from supplemental oxygen. 2/6 patients were extubated within 14 days. |
| I. Zaid, Marocco [26] | Retrospective case series study | 7 | 3–5 | FFP | None | Significant reduction in inflammatory markers. TPE should be used earlier in critically ill patients. |
| F. Faqihi, Saudi Arabia [27] | Randomized controlled clinical trial study | 43 TPE 44 control group |
1–5 | FFP or human albumin 5% | None | Decrease in inflammatory markers. Increased lymphocytes and ADAMTS-13 activity. Duration of hospitalization in ICU was reduced in the TPE group. Faster clinical recovery decreased the SOFA score for TPE patients. |
| M. Hassaniazad, Iran [28] | Retrospective clinical study | 22 TPE 22 control group |
3 | Human albumin 5%, normal saline, FFP | None | TPE can effectively improve clinical symptoms and reduce inflammatory markers. |
| Z. Jamil, Saudi Arabia [29] | Retrospective cohort study | 81 TPE 81 control group |
5 | FFP, normal saline | None | Reduction of inflammatory markers. Improved PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Days of mechanical ventilation were reduced compared with the control group. Higher rate of survival in TPE group. |
| L. Cegolan, Iran [30] | A retrospective observational controlled study | 43 TPE 30 control group |
1–5 | 50% FFP + 50% human albumin 5% | None | Reduction of inflammatory markers. Mortality was lower in the TPE group due to the lower severity of patients with COVID-19. |
| CJ. Diskin, USA [31] | Prospective observational | 42 TPE 147 controls |
5 | FFP, convalescent plasma | 2 patients with “minor reactions” | Reduction of inflammatory markers. Higher rate of survival in TPE group. PaO2/FiO2 ratio in all cases. |
TPE—Therapeutic Plasma Exchange; FFP—Fresh Frozen Plasma; SOFA—Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; ICU—Intensive Care Unit; PaO2/FiO2 ratio—The ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2 in mmHg) to fractional inspired oxygen; CRP—C-reactive protein.