Table 2.
General characteristics of the study population.
| Overall (n. 331) | No Disease Progression (n. 253) | Disease Progression (n. 78) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y), median (q1–q3) | 71 (51–80) | 66 (48–79) | 75 (65–84) | 0.005 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 173 (52) | 138 (55) | 35 (45) | 0.135 |
| Metabolic comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 32 (10) | 22 (9) | 10 (13) | 0.281 |
| Diabetes | 70 (21) | 49 (19) | 21 (27) | 0.153 |
| Chronic lung diseases * | 50 (15) | 40 (16) | 10 (13) | 0.519 |
| Chronic kidney failure | 28 (8) | 18 (7) | 10 (13) | 0.113 |
| Chronic liver diseases | 14 (4) | 10 (4) | 4 (5) | 0.652 |
| Obesity | 48 (14) | 36 (14) | 12 (15) | 0.800 |
| Immunosuppressive state, n (%) | ||||
| Autoimmune disease | 14 (4) | 11 (4) | 3 (4) | 0.847 |
| Any solid cancer | 62 (19) | 49 (19) | 13 (17) | 0.593 |
| Hematologic neoplasia | 23 (7) | 18 (7) | 6 (7) | 0.768 |
| Solid organ transplant recipient | 15 (5) | 10 (4) | 5 (6) | 0.316 |
| Vaccination status, n (%) | ||||
| No or one dose of anti-SARS-CoV2 vaccine ** | 80 (24) | 45 (18) | 35 (45) | <0.001 |
| Two doses of anti-SARS-CoV2 vaccine | 25 (8) | 8 (3) | 17 (22) | |
| Three doses of anti-SARS-CoV2 vaccine | 226 (68) | 200 (79) | 26 (33) | |
| Median (q1–q3) months since last dose of vaccine | 3 (2–5) | 3 (3–5) | 2 (2–4) | 0.145 |
| Symptoms at hospitalization, n (%) | ||||
| Asymptomatic | 91 (27) | 82 (32) | 9 (12) | <0.001 |
| Fever and organ symptoms | 113 (34) | 93 (37) | 20 (26) | 0.070 |
| Pneumonia and hypoxia | 30 (9) | 12 (5) | 18 (23) | <0.001 |
| Other symptoms | 97 (30) | 64 (26) | 31 (39) | 0.020 |
| COVID-19 disease severity on admission, n (%) | ||||
| Presymptomatic infection | 91 (27) | 82 (32) | 9 (12) | |
| Mild–moderate illness | 186 (56) | 128 (51) | 58 (74) | <0.001 |
| Severe illness | 54 (17) | 43 (17) | 11 (14) | |
| Laboratory features at admission, median (q1–q3) | ||||
| Leucocytes, cell/uL | 6310 (4680–9030) | 6240 (4770–8810) | 7270 (4540–9600) | 0.357 |
| Lymphocytes, cell/uL | 1089 (677–1560) | 1114 (695–1630) | 916 (650–1218) | 0.069 |
| Platelets, cell/uL | 196 (149–258) | 197 (149–255) | 196 (143–269) | 0.783 |
| C-reactive protein mg/L | 62 (13.3–112) | 53.9 (11.5–97.1) | 131 (72.9–178) | <0.001 |
| Treatment included in standard of care, n (%) | ||||
| Corticosteroids | 185 (56) | 119 (47) | 66 (85) | <0.001 |
| Low molecular weight heparin/other anticoagulants | 244 (74) | 175 (69) | 69 (88) | 0.001 |
| Treated with monoclonal antibody, n (%) | 37 (11) | 33 (13) | 4 (5) | 0.052 |
| Treated with remdesivir, n (%) | ||||
| No antivirals | 211 (63) | 155 (62) | 56 (72) | 0.011 |
| Short-course remdesivir | 88 (27) | 77 (30) | 11 (14) | |
| remdesivir | 32 (10) | 21 (8) | 11 (14) | |
| Combination therapy (REM plus mAbs), n (%) | 18 (5) | 16 (6) | 2 (3) | 0.108 |
| Complications during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||
| Heart failure | 25 (8) | 16 (6) | 9 (12) | 0.128 |
| Kidney failure | 22 (7) | 16 (6) | 6 (8) | 0.678 |
| Secondary severe infection | 33 (10) | 17 (7) | 16 (21) | <0.001 |
| All-cause in-hospital mortality, n (%) | 47 (14) | 19 (7) | 28 (36) | <0.001 |
Legend: q1–q3: first–third quartile; REM: remdesivir; mAbs: monoclonal antibodies; *: including 44 chronic obstructive lung diseases, 5 severe asthma, and 1 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; **: only 5 patients with 1 vaccine dose.