Figure 3.

Zwitterionic materials applied in extracellular vesicles mimetics. (a) The classification of zwitterionic polymers. The two key criteria are as follows: equal amounts of oppositely charged groups and uniform distribution at the molecular level (minimized dipole). (b) Illustration of the key nonfouling mechanisms of zwitterionic materials. (c) Applications of zwitterionic materials in engineering extracellular vesicles. The left box shows the functionalization of EVMs by zwitterionic polymers; the middle box exhibits the application of zwitterionic modified materials for the isolation or capture of certain EVs without specific protein adsorption; the right box illustrated the application of zwitterionic hydrogel for cell culture to obtained EVs.