Table 2.

PA-CAP cases reported in healthy people from 2010 to 2022. WBC =white blood cell. CRP = C-reactive protein. PCT = procalcitonin.

Reference Site (Year)	Exposure	Sex Age	Smoke Alcohol	Symptoms on admission	Radiology	WBC (/µL) CRP (mg/dL) PCT (ng/mL)	Positive colture for PA Other Infection	Antibiotic Therapy	Course and Outcome
Huhulescu et al [28] Austria (2010)	Hot tub water	F 49	Yes -	Cough Pleuritic chest pain	Left lung infiltration	WBC 3 940 CRP 38.1	Respiratory sample Blood	-Piperacillin/sulbactam -Moxifloxacin	-Intensive care -death after 9 days from admission
Okamoto et al [29] Japan (2011)	Water in rearing beetles cage	F 39	Yes Yes	Cough Pleuritic chest pain Hemoptysis Dyspnea Diarrhea	Right upper consolidation Pleural effusion	WBC 21 500 CRP 6.61	Respiratory sample Blood Pleural fluid	-Ceftriaxone (10 h) -Meropenem, ciprofloxacin (29 days)	-Intensive care -Recovery of 30 days
Kunimasa et al. [30] Japan (2012)	Washrooms, bathroom in care facility	M 25	Yes -	Cough Fever Right back pain Hemoptysis	Right upper consolidation, cavitation	WBC 7 800 CRP 14	Respiratory sample	-Ampicillin, levofloxacin (2 days) -Meropenem, levofloxacin (26 days)	-Intensive care -Recovery of 28 days
Gharabaghi et al. [31] Iran (2012)	Not known exposure	M 26	No -	Cough Fever Bone pain	Left upper consolidation, cavitation, left lower lobe mass with necrosis	WBC normal	Respiratory sample Lung biopsy Klebsiella pneumoniae	-Ofloxacin (7 days) -Ciprofloxacin (2 weeks)	-
Fujii et al. [32] Japan (2012)	Not known exposure	M 29	No	Fever Right back pain	Right upper consolidation, cavitation	WBC 26 400 CRP 20	Respiratory sample Blood	-Piperacillin (19 days) -Levofloxacin (1 week) -Piperacillin/tazobactam -Tobramicin (4 weeks) -Ciprofloxacin (2 weeks)	-2 relapses (after 2 days, after 1 month) -Recovery of 19 days (first time), not recovering (second time), recovery of 28 days (third time)
Takajo et al. [33] Japan (2013)	Not known exposure	F 50	- -	Cough Fever Right back pain Dyspnea Hemoptysis	Right upper lobe consolidation Pneumothorax	WBC 2 100	Respiratory sample Blood	-Meropenem	-Intensive care -Death after 5 h from admission
Campos et al. [34] Brazil (2014)	Metalworking fluid	M 44	Yes -	Cough Fever Right back pain Hemoptysis	Right upper and lower consolidation Left consolidation	WBC 2 880	Respiratory sample Blood	-Ceftriaxone, chlaritromycin	-Intensive care -Death after 7 h from admission
Woods et al. [35] USA (2017)	Home humidifier water	M 30	No No	Cough Fever Right back pain Weight loss	Right upper consolidation, cavitation	WBC 11 300	Respiratory sample	-Ceftazidime (7 days) -Ciprofloxacin (14 days)	-Recovery of 7 days
Su et al. [36] Taiwan (2018)	Not known exposure	F 39	-	Cough Fever Dyspnea	Bilateral patchy infiltrates	WBC 810	Respiratory sample Blood Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09	-Piperacillin/Tazobactam	-Intensive care -Death after 23 h from admission
Wang et al. [37] China (2019)	Not known exposure	M 25	No No	Cough Dyspnea Hemoptysis Brain abscess	Multiple right upper and lower consolidations Pleural effusion	WBC 390 PCT 100	Respiratory sample Blood	-Levofloxacin (1 day) -Linezolid, meropenem (1 day) -Levofloxacin, meropenem (5 days) -Ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin (14 days)	-Intensive care -Recovery of 28 days
Dong et al. [38] China (2019)	Not known exposure	M 1	No No	Cough Fever Dyspnea Hemoptysis Bloody pleural effusion	Right middle and lower lobe consolidation, cavitation Pleural effusion	WBC 41 780 CRP 102 PCT 4.49	Respiratory sample Pleural fluid Influenza A	-Cefaclor (1 day) -Ceftriaxone (1 day) -Meropenem (8 days) -Cefoperazone/sulbactam, linezolid (2 days) -Cefoperazone/sulbactam, levofloxacin (20 days)	-Intensive care -Recovery of 32 days
Wang et al. [39] China (2019)	Not known exposure	M 67	Yes (past) -	Cough Fever Dyspnea	Right upper consolidation, cavitation	WBC 20 360	Respiratory sample Acinetobacter baumanii	-Imipenem/cilastatin, linezolid -moxifloxacin (3 days) -Polimixin b, amikacin (30 days)	-Intensive care -Recovery of 35 days