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. 2023 Apr 23;12(5):635. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12050635

Table 1.

Different Plasmodium sp. and its immune responses.

Plasmodium Species Severity Distribution Innate Immunity Humoral Immunity Major Involved Pathway References
P. falciparum High Africa, Asia, and Latin America Neutrophils, monocytes, and NK cells Long-lived plasma B cells and memory B cells; antibodies Toll, immune deficiency (Imd), Janus kinase (JNK), and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) [52,53]
P. vivax Moderate Asia, Latin America, Africa Cytokines, dendritic cells B cells and antibodies IFN-α/IFN-γ and TCR pathway, MAPK6/MAPK4 signalling [46,54]
P. ovale Low–moderate Africa, Asia NA NA NA
P. malariae Low Africa, Asia, and Latin America NA NA NA
P. knowlesi Moderate–high Southeast Asia NA NA NA

(NA = Not available).