Table 2.
Mosquito-borne diseases and their link with post-infection other metabolic co-morbidities.
| Mosquito-Borne Diseases | Year | Location | Type of Study | Method of Assessment | Disease Manifestation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chikungunya | 2005–2006 | Réunion | Prospective study | Fulfilled International Encephalitis Consortium criteria for encephalitis | Perinatal encephalopathy | [317] |
| Chikungunya | 2005–2006 | Mayotte | Prospective study | Unknown | Perinatal encephalopathy | [318] |
| Chikungunya | 2005–2006 | Réunion | Prospective observational study | Seizures; EEG consistent with encephalitis | Perinatal encephalopathy | [319] |
| Chikungunya | 2010 | India | Prospective study | Altered sensorium, apnoeic seizures | Perinatal encephalopathy | [320] |
| Chikungunya | 2014–2015 | Colombia | Case series study | EEG | Perinatal encephalopathy | [321] |
| Chikungunya | 2014–2015 | Colombia | Prospective study | EEG | Perinatal encephalopathy | [322] |
| Chikungunya | 2015 | Brazil | Case study | Seizures; abnormal brain MRI | Perinatal encephalopathy | [323] |
| Chikungunya | 2015 | Honduras | Retrospective study | Unknown | Perinatal encephalopathy | [324] |
| Chikungunya | 2016 | India | Case study | Dizygotic twins; both had seizures, required ventilation, thrombocytopenia; abnormal brain MRI | Perinatal encephalopathy | [325] |
| Chikungunya | 2016 | Brazil | Case study | Prostration, lethargy, seizures, required ventilation, thrombocytopenia; abnormal brain MRI and EEG | Perinatal encephalopathy | [326] |
| Chikungunya | 2005–2006 | Réunion | Retrospective study | DIC, transient scattered parenchymal petechiae, cerebellar hematoma | Perinatal brain hemorrhage | [327] |
| Chikungunya | 2005–2006 | Réunion | Retrospective descriptive study | Unknown | Perinatal brain hemorrhage | [328] |
| Chikungunya | 2015 | Brazil | Case study | Intraventricular bleeding (cranial US), lethargy | Perinatal brain hemorrhage | [329] |
| Chikungunya | 2005–2006 | Réunion | Case study | Seizures; hypotonia | Perinatal other | [328] |
| Chikungunya virus | 2008 | France | Case study | ECG and cardiac MRI | Myopericarditis, pericardial effusion | [330] |
| CHIKV infection | 2015 | Honduras | Retrospective study | CSF analysis, EEG, CAT (brain) scan, MRI (brain) | Meningoencephalitis, seizures. CSF analysis shows enhanced leukocyte presence. | [324] |
| CHIKV infection | Not specified | India | Case study | Neurologic examination, sensory examination, electrophysiological studies | Global areflexia and quadriparesis. Guillain–Barre syndrome | [331] |
| CHIKV infection | 2020 | India | Case study | MRI, nerve conduction studies | Sensorimotor axonopathy, myelopathy. | [332] |
| Dengue | 1987 to 1998 | Thailand | Observational study | MRI and autopsy | Seizure, mental confusion, nuchal rigidity, spasticity of limbs, positive clonus, hyponatremia, abnormal liver enzymes and CSF pleocytosis, hemiplegia and positive Kernig | [333] |
| Dengue | 2017 | Brazil | Case study | Brain MRI | Loss of vision, generalized myalgia, severe headache, retro-ocular pain, and cutaneous rash | [206] |
| Dengue | 1997–1999 | Vietnam | Case–control study | MRI and ultrasound | Cerebral edema, seizures, hemiplegia, hemorrhage, hyponatremia, hepatic failure, and microcapillary | [205] |
| Dengue | 2019 | India | Case study | MRI (brain), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination | Bradyphonia, unclear speech, gait instability, cogwheel rigidity, mask-like facies and stooped posture while walking | [204] |
| Dengue | 2017 | Sri Lanka | Case study | Electroencephalogram and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination | Encephalitis | [334] |
| Dengue | 2019 | India | Prospective study | Echocardiogram, ECG | Asymptomatic sinus bradycardia, symptomatic bradyarrhythmias, left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction 35–45%), pericardial effusion, atrial fibrillation | [335] |
| Dengue | 1998 | India | Cohort study | Echocardiogram, ECG | Ejection fraction, global hypokinesia, ST and T changes in the ECG | [336] |
| Dengue | 1998 | India | Observational study | Echocardiogram | Sinus bradycardia | [337] |
| Dengue | 2007 | Sri Lanka | Cohort study | Echocardiogram, ECG | T inversion, ST depression and bundle branch blocks, hypotension and tachycardia and bradycardia, suggestive of significant cardiac dysfunction | [338] |
| Dengue | 2012 | Brazil | Case series study | Echocardiogram, ECG | Ileo-femoral deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, mesenteric vein thrombosis | [339] |
| Dengue | 2014 | México | Case report | Echocardiogram, ECG | Myocarditis characterised by: S3 gallop rhythm, generalized lung rales and shock; ECG showed sinus tachycardia, ST depression in V1-V3, and ST elevation in a VR and aVL | [340] |
| Dengue | 2018 | Sri Lanka | Case series | CT angiography, ECG | Tachycardia in three cases. Myocarditis confirmed by troponin estimation and echocardiogram in one case, and in the other two, this was also confirmed by histopathology | [341] |
| Dengue | 2013 | Singapore | Case reports | Echocardiogram, ECG | Myocarditis | [342] |
| Dengue | 2015 | Vietnam | Case report | Echocardiogram, ECG | Acute cardiac failure | [343] |
| Dengue | 2008 | India | Case report | Echocardiogram, ECG | Myocarditis, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, ECG showed sinus bradycardia | [344] |
| Dengue | 2016 | Taiwan | Case report | Echocardiogram, cardiac biomarkers | Elevated cardiac enzymes | [345] |
| Dengue | 2015 | Singapore | Case report | Echocardiogram, ECG | Acute myocardial infarction, elevated serum troponin I levels | [346] |
| Dengue | 2011 | France | Case report | Echocardiogram, ECG | Acute pericarditis, Consulting with acute chest pain; ECG revealed negative anterolateral T waves with long QT segment | [347] |
| Dengue | 2011 | Thailand | Prospective study | Holtrer | Sinus pause, first-degree and Mobitz type I second-degree atrioventricular block (Wenckebach) and atrial and ventricular ectopic beats | [196] |
| Dengue | 2016 | India | Case report | CT angiography, ECG | Repeated symptomatic episodes of a high-degree atrioventricular block with ventricular asystole | [348] |
| Dengue | 2015 | Sri Lanka | Case report | Echocardiogram, ECG | Bradycardia and heart block with atrioventricular dissociation | [349] |
| Dengue | 2013 | India | Case series | Echocardiography | Sinus bradycardia, echocardiography showed a decreased ejection fraction | [350] |
| Dengue | 2000 | Thailand | Case reports | CT angiography, ECG | Morbitz type I second-degree atrioventricular block | [351] |
| Dengue | 2004 | Thailand | Case report | Echocardiography and ECG | Myocarditis with bradycardia | [351] |
| Dengue | 2010 | India | Case report | Echocardiography and ECG | Sino-atrial block and atrioventricular dissociation, atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation | [352] |
| Dengue | 2009 | Malaysia | Case report | Echocardiography and ECG | Sino-atrial block and atrioventricular dissociation, atrial fibrillation | [353] |
| Dengue | 2003 | Brazil | Case report | Echocardiography and ECG | Sino-atrial block and atrioventricular dissociation, atrial fibrillation | [354] |
| Dengue | 2008 | Saudi Arabia | Cohort study | Not specified | Acute kidney injury | [355] |
| Dengue | 2008 | Taiwan | Retrospective study | eGFR estimation | Acute kidney injury | [356] |
| Dengue | 2009 | Taiwan | Retrospective study | SCr > 2 mg/dL | Acute kidney injury | [357] |
| Dengue | 2010 | Thailand | Retrospective study | SCr > 2 mg/dL | Acute kidney injury | [358] |
| Dengue | 2011 | India | Prospective study | RIFLE | Acute kidney injury | [359] |
| Dengue | 2012 | Pakistan | Case series study | AKIN | Acute kidney injury | [360] |
| Dengue | 2012 | Taiwan | Retrospective case–control study | SCr increase ≥ 0.5 mg/dL | Acute kidney injury | [361] |
| Dengue | 2012 | India | Prospective study | AKIN | Acute kidney injury | [362] |
| Dengue | 2015 | Taiwan | Retrospective study | AKIN | Acute kidney injury | [363] |
| Dengue | 2015 | Malaysia | Retrospective study | AKIN | Acute kidney injury | [364] |
| Dengue | 2016 | India | Cohort study | KDIGO | Acute kidney injury | [208] |
| Dengue | 2017 | Taiwan | Retrospective case–control study | SCr > 2 mg/dL | Acute kidney injury | [365] |
| Dengue | 2017 | India | Observational study | SCr > 1.2 mg/dL | Acute kidney injury | [366] |
| Dengue | 2018 | India | Retrospective study | eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Acute kidney injury | [367] |
| Dengue | 2018 | Taiwan | Retrospective study | KDIGO | Acute kidney injury | [368] |
| Dengue | 2018 | Malaysia | Follow-up prospective cohort | AKIN | Acute kidney injury | [369] |
| Dengue | 2018 | India | Observational prospective study | AKIN | Acute kidney injury | [370] |
| Dengue | 2019 | Thailand | Retrospective single-center study | KDIGO | Acute kidney injury | [371] |
| Dengue | 2019 | India | Retrospective single-center study | Not specified | Acute kidney injury | [372] |
| Dengue | 2019 | India | Retrospective study | AKIN | Acute kidney injury | [373] |
| Japanese encephalitis | 2014 | China | Case study | EEG, MRI, electromyography, and CSF analysis | Guillain–Barre syndrome | [374] |
| Japanese encephalitis | 2012 | India | Case study | MRI (cervico-thoracic spine) | Acute transverse myelitis | [375] |
| Malaria | 2014 | India | Observational study | Neurological and neuropsychiatric evaluation by MSME (Mini-Mental Status Examination) and BRPS (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) | Cerebellar ataxia, psychosis, convolution | [376] |
| Malaria | 2011 | Sierra Leone | Case study | MRI and autoimmune screen | Extensive abnormal high signal and swelling in brainstem and spinal cord | [377] |
| Malaria | 1965–1994, 2010–2015 | Ghana and Uganda | Case–control study | Multiplex Luminex bead assay, histological and cytological investigations | Burkitt Lymphoma | [378] |
| Malaria | 2005–2010 | Malawi | Case–control study | Histological and cytological laboratory investigations | Burkitt Lymphoma | [379] |
| Malaria | 2011–2015 | Uganda | Case–control study | Histological and cytological laboratory investigations | Burkitt Lymphoma | [380] |
| Malaria | 2010–2016 | Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya | Case–control study | Histological and cytological laboratory investigations | Burkitt Lymphoma | [380] |
| Malaria | 1987–2015 | Sweden | Cohort study | Histological and cytological laboratory investigations | Burkitt Lymphoma | [381] |
| Malaria | 2017 | South Korea | Case Study | Brain MRI | Parkinsonian features | [382] |
| Malaria | 2015 | India | Case study | CT scan of the brain, MRI, and electroencephalography | Cognitive dysfunction, calcification (lesion) in the tempo-parietal region, temporal and hippocampal hyperintensities, microhaemorrhages | [383] |
| Malaria | 1999 | India | Case study | Neurological (nerve conduction) examination | Guillain–Barre syndrome | [384] |
| West Nile Virus | 2022 | USA | Case study | ECG, transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), X-ray study | Reduced LV systolic | [385] |
| West Nile Virus | 2022 | USA | Case study | TTE and X-ray | Left ventricular hypokinesis | [386] |
| West Nile virus (WNV) | 2016 | USA | Prospective cohort study | Biomicroscopy | Retinopathy and Neurological and Neurocognitive Sequelae | [387] |
| West Nile virus (WNV) | 2002–2004 | USA | Prospective cohort study | ELISA and anti-WNV IgM antibody detection | Encephalitis/meningoencephalitis/encephalomyelitis (WNE) | [388] |
| Yellow fever virus | 2016 | Portugal | Case study | CT scan; CSF investigation | Acute onset expression aphasia, agraphia, dyscalculia | [389] |
| Yellow fever virus | 2020 | Brazil | Experimental study | Histological and cytological laboratory investigations | Hepatic injury | [390] |
| ZIKV infection | 2016 | France | Case study | MRI (Spinal), electromyography, and CSF examination | Acute myelitis and lesions of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord | [391] |
| ZIKV infection | 2017 | Brazil | Case study | Brain MRI, electroencephalography, and autopsy | Meningoencephalitis. | [392] |
| ZIKV infection | 2015 | Colombia | Observational study | Electromyography and nerve conduction studies, CSF examination | Guillain–Barre syndrome (inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy) | [393] |
| ZIKV infection | 2017 | Colombia | Case–control study | MRI and electrophysiological examination | Encephalitis, peripheral facial palsy, thoracolumbosacral myelopathy, and transverse myelitis | [394] |
| ZIKV infection | 2017 | Brazil | Cross-sectional study | MRI (brain) and EEG examination | Epilepsy tended to be early and refractory | [395] |