Table 1.

Main non-Saccharomyces yeasts with promising effects on aroma and the winemaking process. Their availability on the market, from the main industrial starter companies, is also reported. AFY (active frozen yeast); ADY (active dry yeast); CRY (cream yeast); FLY (fresh liquid yeast); ENY (encapsulated yeast).

Yeast (Teleomorphic/ Anamorphic Form)	Aroma and Quality Contribution	Main Aromatic Metabolites	Flavors [57]	Biotechnological Impacts	Negative Impacts	Producer [52,58]	Formula	References
Pichia kluvveri	High production of thiols and ester	3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, acetate	Passionfruit, box tree	Low ethanol yield Potential probiotic activities	Isovaleric acid and H2S production	CHR Hansen	AFY	[66,67,68,69,70,175]
Hanseniaspora spp./Klockera spp.	High production of esters High production of β-glucosidase	2-phenylethyl- acetate Ethyl acetate	Floral, rose Fruity	Potential resveratrol increasing Biogenic amine reducing	Acetic acid production in H. uvarum	Oenobrands (H. vinae)	ADY	[88,89,90,152,166]
Torulaspora delbruekii/Candida colliculosa	Low acetic acid High glycerol production High production of esters	Isoamyl acetate Hexyl acetate Phenylethyl acetate	Banana, pear Pear, apple Rose, honey	Potential use as biocontrol in SO2-reduced wines	Oxidation not fully controlled as sulphite addition	Lallemand CHR Hansen Laffort Agrovin Enartis Oeno Probiotec	ADY AFY ADY ADY ADY/ CRY ADY FLY	[70,71,72,73,126,127,128]
Lachancea thermotolerans	High Lactic acid production Low acetic acid production Improvement of color and structure	Ethyl acetate Ethyl lactate	Fruity Fruity, buttery	Low ethanol yield Potential biogenic amine reducing in co-inoculation with S. pombe Biocontrol agent	Possible lack of aromatic complexity	Lallemand CHR Hansen Enartis Lamothe-Abiet AEB Group Probiotec	ADY AFY CRY ADY ADY FLY	[75,76,77,78,79,149]
Metschnikowia pulcherrima/Candida pulcherrima	High production of β -glucosidase High productions of thiols	2- phenylethanol	Rose	Low ethanol yield Potential use as biocontrol in SO2-reduced wines	High ethyl- acetate Amensalism over S. cerevisiae	AEB group Lallemand	ADY ADY	[64,82,83,84,100,129]
Starmerella bacillaris/Candida zemplinina	Fructophilic character High glycerol production Terpenes production	Linalool Geraniol	Rose Rose	Low ethanol yield High resistance to ethanol	-	BioEnologia	CRY	[16,91,92,93,94,104]
Wickerhamomyces anomalus/Candida pelliculosa	High production of β-glucosidase High productions of acetate esters	2-phenylethyl acetate Isoamyl acetate Ethyl acetate	Floral, rose Banana, pear Fruity	Potential use as biocontrol in SO2-reduced wines	-	Probiotec	FLY	[13,64,132]
Schizosaccharomyces pombe	Malic acid reduction Improvement of color and structure	Propanol 2,3-butanediol	Pungent, harsh Fruity, butter	Potential biogenic amine reducing in co-inoculation with L. thermotolerans	Acetic acid production	Proenol BioEnologia	ENY CRY	[50,80,81,150]