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. 2023 May 15;59(5):951. doi: 10.3390/medicina59050951

Table 4.

Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs for autism spectrum disorder and exposure to air pollutants and heavy metals according to the stage of pregnancy in a four-pollutant model.

With Autism Spectrum Disorder
SO2 + NO2 + Pb + Cd OR (95%CI)
SO2 Total 3.288 (2.306–4.687)
1st stage 1.770 (1.338–2.342)
2nd stage 2.128 (1.557–2.909)
3rd stage 2.723 (1.971–3.761)
NO2 Total 1.322 (1.244–1.403)
1st stage 1.233 (1.165–1.304)
2nd stage 1.421 (1.346–1.501)
3rd stage 1.267 (1.197–1.341)
Pb Total 1.079 (1.017–1.145)
1st stage 1.041 (0.993–1.092)
2nd stage 0.980 (0.936–1.026)
3rd stage 1.063 (1.019–1.110)
Cd Total 0.441 (0.184–1.057)
1st stage 1.233 (1.165–1.304)
2nd stage 1.421 (1.346–1.501)
3rd stage 1.267 (1.197–1.341)

Logistic regression model was adjusted for maternal age, education, infant sex, season of conception, and household income.