Figure 5.

Mn²⁺ as an activator of the cGAS-STING pathway. Abbreviations: cGAS—cGAMP synthase; IFI16—interferon γ-inducible protein 16; DDX41—helicase DEAD box polypeptide 41; c-di-GMP—cyclic di-GMP; c-di-AMP—cyclic di-AMP; STING—stimulator of interferon genes; IRF3—interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3; TBK1—TANK-binding kinase 1; cGAMP—cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate; DAI—DNA-dependent activator of IRFs; IFNs—type-I interferons; STING (also known as MITA, MPYS, or ERIS); cGAMP—cyclic GMP-AMP; and IRF3—IFN-regulatory factor 3.