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. 2023 May 7;16(5):708. doi: 10.3390/ph16050708

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Osteoblast gene profiles during treatment, i.e., (a) ALP, (b) RUNX2, (c) OPN and (d) OCN. The expression of osteoblast gene markers corresponds to the comparisons of the expressions in the extract-treated cells to the positive control. Means ± standard error of the mean are given for three separate experiments (n = 3). ↑: significantly higher expression compared to the positive control (p < 0.05), ↓: Significantly lower expression compared to the positive control (p < 0.05), =: similar expression compared to the positive control (p ≥ 0.05).