Table 1.
Pharmaceutical compounds with plausible mechanisms of action against spike protein- related pathologies.
| Compound | Mechanism | Reference | Clinical Trials | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ivermectin | Multiple Binding of spike protein |
[205,206,207,208,209] | ||
| Corticosteroids | Reducing inflammatory response | [210,211] | NCT05350774 | Proxy: significant decrease in breathlessness [212] |
| Antihistamines | Reduced inflammation | [213,214,215] | ||
| Aspirin | Anti-coagulant | [216] | ||
| Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN) | Immunomodulatory | [217,218] |
NCT05430152 NCT04604704 |
Significant improvement [218] |
| Colchicine | Reduces inflammation | [219,220,221] | Reduced myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death (non-COVID-19 or vaccine related) [222] | |
| Metformin | Several | [223] | NCT04510194 | An amount of 42% relative decrease in long-COVID incidence after treatment of initial C19 infection [224] |