Table 1.
Amino acid contents of foods analysed by the National Society for Phenylketonuria (NSPKU).
| Food Item | Food Category | Brand | Protein | Amino Acids (mg/100 g) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (g/100 g) | [Reference] Source for Protein Content a | PHE | LEU | MET | TYR | LYS | |||
| Dragon fruit, raw | Fruits | - | 1.2 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 36 | 53 | 19 | 28 | 36 |
| Kiwi fruit, raw | Fruits | - | 0.8 | [28] UK Food Database | 35 | 54 | 18 | 22 | 43 |
| Mulberries, raw | Fruits | - | 1.4 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 47 | 80 | 18 | 34 | 64 |
| Passion fruit, raw | Fruits | - | 2.6 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 122 | 120 | 38 | 39 | 82 |
| Apple crisps | Fruits | Marks & Spencer | 1.8 | Manufacturer data on website | 27 | 44 | 8 | 12 | 45 |
| Fruits | Emilys | 0.8 | 38 | 65 | 11 | 19 | 41 | ||
| Melon crisps | Fruits | Nim’s | 3.0 | 107 | 170 | 45 | 42 | 93 | |
| Pineapple crisps | Fruits | Nim’s | 0.8 | 130 | 176 | 47 | 79 | 145 | |
| Avocado, raw b | Fruits | - | 1.9 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 50 | 87 | 19 | 34 | 78 |
| Fruits | - | 1.9 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 46 | 73 | 20 | 33 | 65 | |
| Fruits | - | 1.9 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 34 | 57 | 14 | 19 | 51 | |
| Fruits | - | 1.9 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 49 | 80 | 19 | 33 | 65 | |
| Ackee, tinned | Vegetables | Dunn’s River | 2.9 | [28] UK Food Database | 91 | 129 | 31 | 57 | 150 |
| Baby corn, cooked | Vegetables | - | 2.0 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 78 | 128 | 36 | 71 | 119 |
| Baby corn, tinned, cooked | Vegetables | - | 2.0 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 61 | 101 | 30 | 52 | 97 |
| Baby spinach, raw | Vegetables | - | 2.6 | [28] UK Food Database | 132 | 181 | 28 | 72 | 142 |
| Banana blossom, tinned | Vegetables | - | 1.3 | [29] USDA Database | 52 | 84 | 20 | 44 | 71 |
| Breadfruit, tinned | Vegetables | Tropical Sun | 1.3 | [28] UK Food Database | 27 | 40 | 8 | 17 | 35 |
| Broccoli (purple sprouting), cooked | Vegetables | - | 2.1 | [28] UK Food Database | 104 | 150 | 42 | 69 | 156 |
| Broccoli (tenderstem), cooked | Vegetables | - | 3.3 | [28] UK Food Database | 129 | 186 | 48 | 80 | 188 |
| Butternut squash, cooked | Vegetables | - | 0.9 | [28] UK Food Database | 29 | 40 | 12 | 20 | 39 |
| Callaloo, tinned | Vegetables | Dunn’s River | 1.8 | [28] UK Food Database | 96 | 142 | 32 | 54 | 97 |
| Cassava, raw | Vegetables | - | 0.6 | [28] UK Food Database | 10 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 20 |
| Chard, yellow/rainbow, raw | Vegetables | - | 1.8 | Manufacturer data on website | 52 | 75 | 19 | 37 | 72 |
| Chard (ruby), raw | Vegetables | - | 1.9 | [29] USDA Database | 144 | 221 | 53 | 107 | 198 |
| Chard (Swiss), white, cooked | Vegetables | - | 1.9 | [29] USDA Database | 152 | 220 | 52 | 117 | 118 |
| Chestnuts, sweet, tinned | Vegetables | - | 3.1 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 137 | 222 | 36 | 72 | 172 |
| Chayote, raw | Vegetables | - | 0.8 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 18 | 29 | 5 | 16 | 28 |
| Choi Sum, raw | Vegetables | - | 3.0 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 139 | 195 | 31 | 77 | 159 |
| Dudhi, cooked | Vegetables | - | 1.8 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 17 | 27 | 5 | 12 | 27 |
| Dwarf beans, raw | Vegetables | Sainsbury’s | 1.6 | [28] UK Food Database | 59 | 87 | 18 | 41 | 78 |
| Eddoes, raw | Vegetables | - | 1.5 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 71 | 126 | 19 | 58 | 75 |
| Hearts of palm, tinned, cooked | Vegetables | - | 2.4 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 83 | 155 | 43 | 63 | 160 |
| Jackfruit, tinned | Vegetables | Biona Organic | 1.3 | [28] UK Food Database | 29 | 46 | 8 | 19 | 46 |
| Kale curly, cooked | Vegetables | - | 3.4 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 150 | 213 | 47 | 92 | 167 |
| Kalettes, cooked | Vegetables | - | 3.5 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 127 | 215 | 58 | 94 | 228 |
| Lotus roots, frozen, cooked | Vegetables | - | 1.9 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 63 | 72 | 30 | 56 | 72 |
| Mangetout, cooked | Vegetables | - | 3.6 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 93 | 144 | 34 | 59 | 163 |
| Microgreens, raw | Vegetables | - | 2.0 | [30] Kowitcharoen et al. 2021 | 99 | 130 | 8 | 17 | 110 |
| Okra, cooked | Vegetables | - | 2.8 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 64 | 96 | 26 | 38 | 88 |
| Pea shoots, raw | Vegetables | - | 3.2 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 274 | 324 | 86 | 156 | 355 |
| Purple potato, cooked | Vegetables | - | 3.6 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 143 | 193 | 25 | 61 | 155 |
| Rocket, raw | Vegetables | - | 3.6 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 143 | 193 | 25 | 61 | 155 |
| Romanesco, cooked | Vegetables | - | 3.0 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 149 | 214 | 58 | 94 | 208 |
| Runner beans, cooked | Vegetables | Sainsbury’s | 1.6 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 61 | 93 | 17 | 43 | 82 |
| Samphire, cooked | Vegetables | - | 1.2 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 51 | 71 | 15 | 32 | 58 |
| Stringless beans, raw | Vegetables | Sainsbury’s | 1.6 | [28] UK Food Database | 44 | 70 | 16 | 36 | 63 |
| Savoy cabbage, cooked | Vegetables | - | 1.5 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 52 | 85 | 22 | 43 | 89 |
| Sugar snap peas, raw | Vegetables | Sainsbury’s | 3.4 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 75 | 100 | 21 | 47 | 107 |
| Sugar snap peas, cooked | Vegetables | - | 3.4 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 88 | 139 | 24 | 55 | 142 |
| Tomatoes, sunblush | Vegetables | Tesco | 2.3 | [28] UK Food Database | 62 | 60 | 15 | 32 | 66 |
| Tomatoes, sundried | Vegetables | Waitrose | 4.8 | Manufacturer data on website | 95 | 123 | 35 | 93 | 126 |
| Tomatoes, sundried | Vegetables | Baresa | 3.0 | 75 | 95 | 23 | 45 | 80 | |
| Tomatoes, sundried | Vegetables | Marks & Spencer | 5.4 | 152 | 171 | 46 | 90 | 164 | |
| Tomatoes, sundried | Vegetables | Morrisons | 2.4 | 114 | 140 | 38 | 76 | 128 | |
| Tomatoes (cherry), slow roasted | Vegetables | Waitrose | 2.7 | 95 | 123 | 35 | 93 | 126 | |
| Tomatoes, slow roasted | Vegetables | Tesco | 2.3 | 62 | 60 | 15 | 32 | 66 | |
| Sweet potato, cooked | Vegetables | - | 1.6 | [28] UK Food Database | 39 | 37 | 11 | 15 | 33 |
| Sweet potato fries (frozen), cooked c | Vegetables | Strong Roots | 2.5 | Manufacturer data on website | 99 | 113 | 32 | 50 | 68 |
| Sweet potato fries (frozen), cooked c | Vegetables | McCain | 2.3 | 92 | 101 | 28 | 41 | 61 | |
| Sweet potato fries (frozen), cooked c | Vegetables | Waitrose | 2.4 | 93 | 105 | 25 | 47 | 55 | |
| Vine leaves, cooked | Vegetables | - | 3.0 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 178 | 272 | 63 | 119 | 199 |
| Watercress, raw | Vegetables | - | 3.0 | [22] Weetch 2006 | 26 | 31 | 6 | 17 | 26 |
| Acai berry powder (organic) | Other plant foods | Green Origins | 8.3 | Manufacturer data on website | 337 | 481 | 78 | 167 | 373 |
| Aquafaba, (Chickpea Water) | Other plant foods | - | 1.0 | 53 | 64 | 10 | 20 | 109 | |
| Flour, green banana | Other plant foods | Nihkan | 5.0 | 126 | 176 | 36 | 53 | 99 | |
| Flour, cassava | Other plant foods | Tiana | 1.0 | 50 | 75 | 18 | 23 | 75 | |
| Flour, potato | Other plant foods | - | 0.1 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.8 | |
| Konnyaku/Konjac/Konjak | Other plant foods | - | 0.0 | [29] USDA Database | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.0 | ND | 0.2 |
| Mung bean vermicelli | Other plant foods | Triple Win Ltd. | 0.5 | Manufacturer data on website | 4 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Rice noodles | Other plant foods | Amoy | 1.8 | 75 | 115 | 48 | 52 | 50 | |
| Rice noodles | Other plant foods | Tiger Tiger | 3.0 | 105 | 156 | 46 | 65 | 70 | |
| Tamarind paste | Other plant foods | Waitrose | 2.4 | 160 | 210 | 52 | 103 | 169 | |
Abbreviations: Phe, phenylalanine; Leu, leucine; Met, methionine; Tyr, tyrosine; Lys, lysine; ND, not determined. Many of the vegetables were cooked (boiled or steamed until tender) to represent the condition of the food at the time of serving); they were drained and blended to pulp prior to sampling. a Protein values were obtained from different sources/references [22,28,29,30], [-] Manufacturer data reported on grocery websites. b Avocado was purchased from different supermarkets. c All three manufactured sweet potatoes were lightly coated with a gluten-free flour (e.g., rice flour, amaranth flour or corn flour). Hence, the protein and amino acid values might be slightly different than uncoated, cooked sweet potatoes.