Table 1.

Overview of the main phenolic compounds that exhibit potential myoprotective action in vitro or in experimental models of sarcopenia/muscle damage. The main dietary sources of relevance for human nutrition are also indicated for each compound. Information provided in Table are summarized from the review article by Nikawa and colleagues [24] and other manuscripts focused on dietary sources of phenolic compounds and mechanisms of interaction with the host [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47].

Polyphenol Class	Polyphenol Subclass	Compound	Main Dietary Sources	Action in Experimental Models
Phenolic Acid	Hydroxybenzoic Acid	Gallic Acid	Berries, plums, grapes, mango, tea, wine	Increased mitochondrial function and biogenesis
		Ellagic Acid	Berries, grapes, pomegranates, walnuts	Induction of antioxidant enzymes, protection against mitochondrial dysfunction
		Urolithin A	Berries, grapes, pom-egranates, walnuts	Increased muscle angiogenesis, energetic capacity and contractile function
		Urolithin B	Berries, grapes, pom-egranates, walnuts	Increased protein synthesis, myotube differentiation and muscular fiber hypertrophy
	Hydroxycinnamic Acid	Ferulic Acid	Rice, wheat, oats, beans, coffee, artichoke, nuts	Regulation of muscle fiber differentiation and stimulation of myogenic transcriptional factors
		Chlorogenic Acid	Apples, artichoke, coffee, grapes, pears, kiwi, plums, potatoes	Improvement of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism
		Caffeic Acid	Coffee, olives, carrots, potatoes, fruits	Stimulation of myocellular differentiation and hypertrophy
Flavonoids	Flavanols	Epicatechin	Berries, grapes, wine, cocoa, plums, tea	Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and myogenic differentiation; decreased follistatin and myostatin
		Epigallocatechin	Berries, grapes, wine, cocoa, plums, tea	Upregulation of myogenic transcriptional factors, antioxidant
		Epigallocatechin Gallate	Berries, grapes, wine, cocoa, plums, tea	Reduction of protein degradation, reduction of proapoptotic signaling, inhibition of NF-κB
	Flavanones	Hesperidin	Citrus fruits	Increased mitochondrial function, reduced oxidative stress
		Naringenin	Citrus fruits	Increased glucose uptake, regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation
	Flavones	Apigenin	Herbs, tea, wine, citrus fruits, spinach, broccoli, peas	Inhibition of mitophagy and autophagy, enhanced myogenic differentiation, downregulation of TNFα
		Luteolin	Herbs, tea, wine, citrus fruits, spinach, broccoli, peas	Downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant
	Isoflavones	Genistein	Soybeans, fava beans, lupin, kudzu, psoralea, coffee	Inhibition of apoptosis, increased myocellular differentiation, antioxidant
		Daidzein	Soybeans, tofu, kudzu	Inhibition of protein degradation, promotion of myocellular differentiation
		Glabridin	Licorice	Inhibition of protein degradation
	Flavonols	Quercetin	Capers, herbs, coriander, radish, fennel, onion, radicchio, berries	Reduction of myostatin, antioxidation, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, reduction of protein degradation
		Morin	Osage orange, guava	Antioxidation, reduction of protein degradation
	Anthocyanins	Delphinidin	Berries, pomegranates, grapes	Antioxidation, reduced atrogin-1 expression and protein degradation
		Cyanidin	Grapes, berries, cherry, apple, plum	Reduced inflammation and fibrosis
Polyphenol	Stilbene	Resveratrol	Grapes, berries, peanuts	Reduction of atrogin-1, reduction of oxidative stress, improvement of mitochondrial function, inc5reased protein synthesis, regulation of mTOR signaling, induction of myotube hypertrophy
	Lignan	Schisandrin A	Shengmainsan (Chinese traditional herb)	Suppression of protein degradation and stimulation of protein synthesis
		Magnolol	Magnolia bark	Stimulation of IGF-1 mediated protein synthesis
		Sesamin	Sesame	Reduced oxidative stress, increased mitochondrial function
Other	Curcumin	Curcumin	Turmeric, ginger, food additives	Inhibition of atrogin-1, reduction of oxidative stress, promotion of myofibrillar differentiation, reduction of proteasome expression and protein degradation