Table 1.

Overview of studies related to individual encapsulated polyphenolic compounds.

Polyphenol	Study Model	Dose/Duration	Biological Effects/Findings	Ref.
IBD
Curcumin	DSS-induced BALB/c mice	Normal rodent diet containing 0.2% curcumin nanoparticles for 7 days before DSS administration	↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL1, CXCL2 mRNA ↓ neutrophil infiltration ↓ histopathological score ↓ disease activity index ↓ colon weight/length ratio ↑ body weight	[69]
Curcumin	Acetic acid-induced Wistar rats	100 mg/kg curcumin nanoparticles orally through a gastric tube daily for 2 weeks	↑ goblet cells ↑ crypts ↓ inflammatory cells infiltration ↓ IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β mRNA	[70]
Curcumin	DSS-induced FVB male mice	nanoparticles containing curcumin and catalase with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based surface functionalized with pluronic F127—5 mg/kg daily as equivalent of curcumin for 7 days	↓ IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α protein ↑ IL-10 protein ↓ MPO activity ↑ colon length ↑ body weight	[71]
Curcuminoids	randomized double-blind controlled trial; Fifty-six patients with the diagnosis of mild to moderate UC; treatment group (n = 28) or placebo group (n = 28)	curcuminoids nanomicelles (80 mg, three times daily, orally) plus mesalamine (3 g/24 h, orally)—the treatment group placebo plus mesalamine—the control group for 4 weeks	↓ symptoms ↓ disease activity	[72]
EGCG	DSS-induced C57BL/6J mice	EGCG hydrogels daily by oral gavage for 7 days (150 mg/kg/day—dose of EGCG)	↓ serum IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ protein ↓ colonic IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ mRNA ↑ ZO-1, Claudin-1, Occludin protein ↑ cecal SCFAs level ↓ disease activity index ↑ colon length ↑ body weight	[73]
Oleuropein	DSS-induced C57BL/6 mice	1.7 g of oleuropein loaded into nanostructured lipid carries by oral gavage for 5 days	↓ IL-6, TNF-α protein ↓ MPO activity ↓ ROS level	[66]
Resveratrol	Acetic acid-induced Wistar rats	25 mg/kg resveratrol-loaded microsponges orally for 7 days	↓ microscopic colon damage	[59]
	TNBS-induced Wistar rats	1 mg in 8 mg nanoparticles intrarectally for 7 days	↓ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, MCP-1, ICAM-1 mRNA ↑ Muc-2, Muc-3, villin mRNA ↓ MPO activity ↑ GSH content ↓ colon weight/length ratio	[60]
	Winnie mice	Resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles daily by oral gavage for 14 days	↓ IL-17 mRNA ↑ IL-10 mRNA ↓ histopathological score ↓ disease activity index ↑ body weight	[61]
	DSS-induced C57BL/6J mice	40, 80 mg/kg nanoparticles with resveratrol and poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) deposited with chitosan and alginate daily for 3 days	↑ colon length ↓ disease activity index ↑ body weight	[63]
	Oxazolone-induced Wistar rats	10 mg/kg by oral gavage for 14 days	↓ MPO activity ↓ caspase-3 activity ↓ disease activity index ↓ histopathological score	[64]
Rosmarinic acid	DSS-induced C57BL/6 mice	Intravenous (retro-orbital) injection of 10, 20, 30 mg/kg nanoparticles with rosmarinic acid every other day for 10 days	↓ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ protein ↓ MPO activity ↓ histopathological score ↑ colon length ↓ disease activity index ↑ body weight	[65]
	DSS-induced C57BL/6 mice	5, 10, 20 mg/kg rosmarinic acid-loaded nanovesicles orally as pretreatment from three days prior to colitis induction and during days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of DSS administration	↓ TNF-α protein ↓ MPO activity ↓ NLRP3, cas-1, ASC protein ↑ Nrf2, HO-1 protein ↓ histopathological score ↓ disease activity index ↓ colon weight/length ratio ↑ body weight	[67]
Silymarin	DSS-induced ICR mice	30 mg/kg silica-installed redox nanoparticles with silymarin daily orally for 7 days	↓ histopathological score ↓ disease activity index ↑ colon length ↑ body weight	[68]
CRC
Curcumin	Caco-2 cells	20, 25, 30, 35 µM curcumin-poly (allyl amine) hydrochloride based nanocapsules for 24, 48 h	↓ cell viability	[76]
	DMH-stimulated Balb/c mice	curcumin-poly (allyl amine) hydrochloride based nanocapsules (1:2 curcumin: poly (allyl amine) hydrochloride) for 6 weeks (5 days/week)	↓ COX-2 protein ↓ iNOS activity
Curcumin	HCT-116, SW-620 cells	0–25 µg/mL curcumin-encapsulated fusion protein-based nanocarrier for 24 h	↓ cell viability	[77]
Ferulic acid andResveratrol	HT-29 cells	0–30 µg/mL trans-resveratrol-ferulic acid loaded chitosan coated folic acid conjugate solid lipid nanoparticles (equivalent to 2 mg resveratrol and ferulic acid) for 24, 48 h	↑ apoptosis ↑ Bax, cytochrome-C, p53 protein ↓ Cyclin B, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, Cdk-2, -4, -6 protein	[83]
Resveratrol	HT-29 cells	50, 100, 200 µM resveratrol loaded liposomes for 24 h	↓ cell viability	[79]
Resveratrol	HT-29 cells	resveratrol loaded nanocapsules for 24, 48 h	↑ apoptosis	[80]
Resveratrol	HT-29, LS147T, LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells	encapsulated resveratrol in colloidal mesoporous silica nanoparticles (resveratrol at concentrations of 100, 200, 400 µM) for 6, 48 h	↓ cell viability ↓ NF-κB	[78]
Resveratrol	SW-480, CT-26 cells	5–160 µg/mL oxaliplatin- and resveratrol-loaded N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for 24, 48 h	↓ cell viability	[82]
	BALB/c mice with subcutaneously injected CT-26 cells	oxaliplatin- and resveratrol-loaded N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (equivalent of 8 and 30 mg/kg of oxaliplatin and resveratrol, respectively) once every 2 days for a total of 10 treatment via a tail vein injection	↓ tumor weight ↓ tumor volume ↑ apoptosis ↓ α-SMA, CUGBP1 protein
Resveratrol	HCT-116, HT-29, Caco-2 cells	Zein resveratrol nanoparticles for 2, 4, 24, 48 h	↓ cell viability ↑ ROS activity ↑ eNOS level ↑ apoptosis ↓ NF-κB mRNA ↑ caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 mRNA	[81]
Tannic acid	LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells; HT-29 cells	tannic acid containing nanoparticles at an equal tannic acid concentration of 10 µg/mL for 0.5, 1, 2, 24 h for cells	↓ ROS level ↓ IL-6, TNF-α protein	[75]
	AOM/DSS-induced C57/BL6 mice	tannic acid containing nanoparticles at an equal tannic acid concentration of 25 mg/kg by oral gavage once a day for two seven day-cycles	↓ histopathological score ↓ disease activity index ↓ tumor size ↑ colon length ↑ body weight

Legend: ↑ activation or increase; ↓ inhibition or decrease.