Table 4.

Advantages and disadvantages of phage in the biological domains.

Advantages	Disadvantages
Phage-based nanomedicine can be used for precision medicine	Phages may cause allergic reactions in some individuals
Manipulating phages to target specific areas can solve the problem of imprecise treatment	Limitation in displaying large antigens on phage particles
Phage therapy can potentially reduce the development of antibiotic resistance	Challenging to correctly display a molecule on the phage surface
Strong humoral and cellular immune response without the need for adjuvants	Genome length must be within virion packaging limits for phage DNA vaccines
Can be applied to oral vaccination due to physical stability in the gastrointestinal tract	Efficacy of phages in entering the body depends on the administration method
Phage therapy has the potential to be less expensive than traditional antibiotics	Phage therapy may not be suitable for all patients, such as those with compromised immune systems
Combination therapy with phages is possible	Might be challenging to reach certain organs and tumors to provide effective treatment
Remarkably stable in many challenging environmental conditions	Requires specialized storage and handling
Easy to genetically modify and mass-produce using basic bacteriological media	Endotoxin contamination during phage production
Significant potential for use as vaccine carriers for various illnesses including cancer and infectious diseases	More clinical trials are needed to obtain regulatory approval for phage therapy