Table 2.
Evaluation of the consumption of macro and micronutrients between the study groups.
| Whey Protein (n = 15) | Placebo (n = 10) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 Weeks | p-Value | Baseline | 12 Weeks | p-Value | |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1408.4 (840.2–1605.2) | 1056.6 (989.6–1565.0) | 0.826 | 1295.0 (965.2–1902.7) | 1259.0 (812.2–1673.3) | 0.445 |
| Protein, % of energy | 18.1 (16.0–22.1) | 19.0 (14.8–30.5) | 0.363 | 19.9 (16.8–24.7) | 17.6 (14.3–21.5) | 0.445 |
| Protein, g.kg BW–1. d–1 | 0.8 (0.5–1.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.3) | 0.363 | 0.9 (0.4–1.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.203 |
| Carbohydrate, % of energy | 60.6 (49.5–65.7) | 59.9 (51.3–70.2) | 0.397 | 58.2 (53.2–60.6) | 54.3 (49.4–59.7) | 0.508 |
| Fat, % of energy | 20.4 (14.4–28.5) | 18.2 (11.0–22.2) | 0.056 | 23 (16.1–28.4) | 26 (21.4–31.5) | 0.333 |
| SFA, % of energy | 8.3 (4.1–10.8) | 5.0 (4.2–8.3) | 0.056 | 8.1 (4.7–12.6) | 8.5 (6.7–11.1) | 0.799 |
| MUFA, % of energy | 5.0 (3.2–7.0) | 4.3 (3.2–7.2) | 0.683 | 7.7 (3.2–8.6) | 7.5 (5.1–9.3) | 0.445 |
| PUFA, % of energy | 1.7 (1.4–2.8) | 2.0 (1.3–3.3) | 0.638 | 2.3 (1.4–3.7) | 2.5 (2.1–3.8) | 0.721 |
| n-3 PUFA, g | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.3 (0.2–0.8) | 0.875 | 0.6 (0.2–0.7) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.203 |
| n-6 PUFA, g | 2.3 (1.1–4.8) | 2.4 (1.2–3.3) | 0.198 | 2.4 (1.1–7.0) | 3.1 (1.9–4.8) | 0.508 |
| Trans fatty acids, g | 1.1 (0.2–2.0) | 0.4 (0.1–1.6) | 0.133 | 0.4 (0.1–0.5) | 0.8 (0.2–1.8) | 0.074 |
| Cholesterol, mg | 137.6 (71.3–176.0) | 157.5 (66.7–242.3) | 0.331 | 123 (64.4–217.2) | 164.8 (80.7–207.8) | 0.333 |
| Total fiber, g | 12.5 (8.8–22.2) | 14.6 (11.0–24.2) | 0.925 | 16 (7.1–20.9) | 14.6 (8.0–23.6) | 0.878 |
| Vitamin A, μg | 339.7 (204.0–1191.9) | 735.6 (227.0–1867.8) | 0.551 | 696 (301.0–1300.1) | 1577.8 (459.6–2443.3) | 0.131 |
| Vitamin C, mg | 55.4 (9.2–182.4) | 54.5 (21.9–134.4) | 0.826 | 32.2 (15.7–67.6) | 85.1 (8.1–190.7) | 0.333 |
| Vitamin E, mg | 1.1 (0.3–2.3) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 0.778 | 1.3 (0.7–4.1) | 2.4 (1.2–3.5) | 0.646 |
| Sodium, mg | 1495 (810.5–1979.6) | 933 (567.4–1547.4) | 0.041 * | 1249.9 (686.3–2099) | 1159.5 (873.7–1369.1) | 0.594 |
| Zinc, mg | 4.0 (2.2–7.6) | 5.3 (3.4–7.3) | 0.124 | 8.0 (3.8–8.9) | 4.1 (2.5–9.9) | 0.214 |
Values are expressed median (25th–75th) percentiles * p < 0.05. Wilcoxon test. Considered statistically significant values: p < 0.05. MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA: saturated fatty acid.